Limba engleza expresii, gramatica, lectii

MODAL VERBS 1. CAN – COULD = a putea (a fi instare –abilitatea de a face ceva) [ken] –[ku:d] I can swim. Can you swim? He can speak English. He cannot speak English./He can’t speak English.   2. MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea) May I open the window?/Pot sa deschid fereastra? May I leave now?/Pot pleca acum? to leave –left-left = a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa [mei] – [mait]   3. MUST= trebuie (obligatie) [MAST] I must arrive in time./trebuie sa ajung la timp. Must you arrive in time? You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here.     4. SHOULD= ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)[şud] You should talk to him./Tu ar trebui sa stai de vorba cu el. Should you talk to him? You should not talk to him./You shouldn’t talk to him. to talk = a sta de vorba I like to talk to you./Imi face placere sa stau de vorba cu tine.   Verbele modale sunt o categorieaparte in lb. engleza si au cateva caracteristici:   1. nu primesc “s” la pers. a-III-a sing. I can swim./He can swim. (deci au o singura forma pt. tóate pers.)   2. sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt al verbelor (fara “to”) She can speak English fluently.Ea poate vorbi engleza fluent. to speak=infinitive lung speak=infinitive scurt   3. formeaza interogativul si neg. Fara ajutorul auxiliarelor Can you swim? I cannot swim.   4. nu au forme pt. toate timpurile si de aceea au inlocuitori (o sa discutam putin mai incolo acest punct) 1. CAN – COULD= a putea (a fi instare –abilitatea de a face ceva) Can=forma pt. timpul present;                   could=forma pt. timpul trecut   Affirmative Table 1 Present Tense Past Tense I can swim now. I could swim last year. You can speak French now. You could speak French last year. He can write books now. He could write books last year. She can sing very well now She could sing very well when she was a child. We can dance now. We could dance last year. You can speak German now. You could speak German when you were young. They can cook very well now. They could cook very well last year.   Negative – long forms (forme lungi) Present Tense Past Tense I cannot swim now. I could not swim last year. You cannot speak French now. You could not speak French last year. He cannot write books now. He could not write books last year. She cannot sing very well now She could not sing very well when she was a child. We cannot dance now. We could not dance last year. You cannot speak German now. You could not speak German when you were young. They cannot cook very well now. They could not cook very well last year.   Negative –short forms (forms curte/contrase) Present Tense Past Tense I can’t swim now. I couldn’t swim last year. You can’t speak French now. You couldn’t speak French last year. He can’t write books now. He couldn’t write books last year. She can’t sing very well now She couldn’t sing very well when she was a child. We can’t dance now. We couldn’t dance last year. You can’t speak German now. You couldn’t speak German when you were young. They can’t cook very well now. They couldn’t cook very well last year.   Pronuntie: cannot [ken not]; could not [kud not] can’t [kant]; couldn’t [kudnt]       Interrogative Present Tense Past Tense Can I swim now? Could I swim last year? Can you speak French now? Could you speak French last year? Can he write books now? Could he write books last year? Can she sing very well now? Could she sing very well when she was a child? Can we dance now? Could you we dance last year? Can you speak German now? Could you speak German when you were young. Can they cook very well now? Could they cook very well last year.   *CAN/COULD se mai folosesc pt. a exprima permisiunea in mod mai putin formal. May I open the window?    Pot sa deschid fereastra? (f. formal) Can I open the window?    Mai putin formal, mult mai folosit in vorbire   Expresii: Can I have a cup of coffee, please?/imi dati o ceasca de cafea, va rog? Can I have a ham sandwich, please?/imi dati un sendvis cu sunca, va rog? Can I have….? modul in care ceri ceva Would you like…….?modul in care oferi ceva Would you like a cup of coffee? Ati dori o ceasca de cafea? Would you like a ham sandwich? Ati dori un sandvis cu sunca?   2.MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea) May I open the window?    Pot sa deschid fereastra? May I leave now?                 Pot pleca acum? to leave –left-left=a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa [mei] – [mait] May = forma pentru prezent You may be right=Se poate sa ai dreptate Might = forma numai pt. conditional (nu si pentru trecut) You might be right = s-ar putea sa ai dreptate I may leave now.      Eu pot pleca acum (am permisiunea de a pleca)     Affirmative I may leave now. Eu pot pleca acum You may open the window. Tu poti deschide fereastra. He may close the door. El poate inchide usa. She may leave earlier today. Ea poate pleca mai devreme azi. We may open the shop earlier. Noi putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. You may turn on the computer. Tu poti aprinde calcuatorul. They may turn off the TV. Ei pot stinge televizorul     Negative I maynot leave now. Eu nu pot pleca acum You maynot open the window. Tu nu poti deschide fereastra. He may not close the door. El nu poate inchide usa. She maynot leave earlier today. Ea nu poate pleca mai devreme azi. We maynot open the shop earlier. Noi nu putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. You maynot turn on the computer. Tu nu poti aprinde calcuatorul. They maynot turn off the TV. Ei nu pot stinge televizorul   Interrogative May I leave now?   May you open the window?   May he close the door?   May she leave earlier today?   may we open the shop earlier?   May you turn on the computer?   may they turn off the TV?     Observatii: may=can (aici)   1) May I open the window? formal (mult mai politicos si protocolar)     Can I open the window? informal (folosit in vorbirea obisnuita)   2) May diferit de can I can leave now = eu pot pleca (sunt capabil) I may leave now = eu pot pleca (am permisiunea)   3) could = forma de trecut+conditional     might = numai forma de conditional   3. MUST = TO HAVE TO (trebuie – exprima obligatia) 1. Afirmative A. I must work hard to pass this exam./Trebuie sa muncesc mult pentru a lua acest examen. (obligatie interna; asa consider eu ca trebuie sa fac) B. I have to wear a uniformat school/Trebuie sa port uniforma la scoala (obligatie externa; imi este impus) 2. Interrogative A. Must I work hard to pass this exam ? B. Do you have to wear a uniform at school? 3. Negative(la negative isi schimba sensul)   Must – exprima interdictie 1. You must not park your car here/You mustn’t [masnt] park your car here. (Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici) You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here. (Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici).   Do not have – exprima lipsa obligatiei You do not have to come with me. I can manage on my own./You don’t have to come with me, I can manage on my own. on my own=singur, pe cont propriu to manage= a conduce, a reusi, a se descurca (Nu este nevoie, nu este necesar sa vii cu mine, ma pot descurca singur))   *to have to – formeaza interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului do/does, fiind de fapt un inlocuitor al verbului modal “must”   Affirmative- present tense Internal obligation External obligation I must leave now. I have to wear a uniform at  school. You must talk to him. You have to send emails in your job. He must wash his car. He has to work indoors. She must be at home early. She has to work outdoors. We must be at the airport in time. We have to pay for this course. You must be at the office early. You have to leave on Monday. They must phone their parents. They have to open the shop early.   indoors=inside (inauntru) outdoors=outside (in afara)     Interrogative – present tense Internal obligation External obligation MustI leavenow? Do I have to wear a uniform at school? Must you talk to him? Do you have to send emails in your job? Must he wash his car? Does he have to work indoors? Must she be at home early? Does she have to work outdoors? Must we be at the airport in time? Do we have to pay for this course? Must you be at the office early? Do you have to leave on Monday? Must they phone their parents? Do they have to open the shop early?     Negative – Present Tense I must not park my car here. I mustn’t park my car here. I do not have to pay for this course. I don’t have to pay for this course. You must not smoke here. You mustn’t smoke here. You do not have to come with me. You don’t have to come with me. He must not enter this room. He mustn’t enter this room. He does not have to leave now. He doesn’t have to leave now. She must not enter the office. She mustn’t enter the office. She does not have to leave the office. She doesn’t have to leave the office. We must not leave the building. We mustn’t leave the building We do not have to leave the building. We don’t have to leave the building You must not go there. You mustn’t go there. You do not have to go there. You don’t have to go there. They mustn’t use the phone. They must not use the phone. They do not have to use the phone. They don’t have to use the phone.   to use =a folosi building[bilding] = cladire to build[bild]-built[bilt]-built[bilt]= a construi   Affirmative – Past Tense I had to leave then. I had to wear a uniform at  school. You had to talk to him last night. You had to send emails in your job. He had to wash his car yesterday. He had to work indoors. She had to be at home early yesterday. She had to work outdoors. We had to be at the airport in time last week. We had to pay for this course. You had to be at the office early yesterday. You had to leave on Monday. They had to phone their parents. They had to open the shop early.       Interrogative –Past Tense Did I have to leave then? Did I have to wear a uniform at  school? Did you have to talk to him last night? Did you have to send emails in your job? Did he have to wash his car yesterday? Did he have to work indoors? Did she have to be at home early yesterday? Did she have to work outdoors? Did we have to be at the airport in time last week? Did we have to pay for this course? Did you have to be at the office early yesterday? Did you have to leave on Monday? Did they haveto phone their parents? Did they have to open the shop early?     Observatii:to have/have got/to have to   1.to have =have got (a avea) a)She has a big house.     She has got a big house. b) I have a lot of books.     I have got a lot of books. c) You have a nice room.         You have got a nice room. d)  He has a CD player.       He has got a CD player. e)  We have a computer.       We have got a computer. f)   They have a big garden       They have got a big garden.   2. to have to + verb (trebuie sa) I have towork hard. You have toleave now. He has tophone his boss. She has towear a uniform. We have tolearn English. You have totalk to them. They have towrite a lot of emails.   4. Should = ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)- [şud] Affirmative I should take a rest today. Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi. You should visit your parents more often. Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des. He should leave right now. El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum. She should be more polite. Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa. We should meet our friends more often. Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des. You should talk to your sister. Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta. They should spend their holiday abroad. Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate.   to take a rest/to have a rest= a se odihni right now=chiar acum polite[pălait]=politicos abroad[ă’bro:d]=in strainatate     Interrogative Should I take a rest today? Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi? Should youvisit your parents more often? Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des? Should heleave right now? El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum? Should shebe more polite? Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa? Should wemeet our friends more often? Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des? Should you talk to your sister? Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta? Should they pend their holiday abroad? Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate?     I should not take a rest today. I shouldn’t take a rest today. You should not visit your parents more often. You shouldn’t visit your parents more often. He should not leave right now. He shouldn’t leave right now. She should not be more polite. She shouldn’t be more polite. We should not meet our friends more often. We shouldn’t meet our friends more often. You should not talk to your sister. You shouldn’t not talk to your sister. They should not spend their holiday abroad. They shouldn’t not spend their holiday abroad.       COUNTRY LANGUAGE/NATIONALITY PEOPLE England English an Englishman Scotland Scottish/Scotch/Scots a Scotsman Wales Welsh a Welshman Ireland Irish an Irishman Austria Austrian an Austrian Belgium Belgian/French-Flemish a Belgian Bulgaria Bulgarian a Bulgarian Cyprus Cypriot/Greek/Turkish a Cypriot/Greek/Turkish The Czech Republic Czech a Czech Denmark Danish a Dane Estonia Estonian an Estonian Finland Finnish a Finn France French a Frenchman Germany German a German Greece Greek a Greek Hungary Hungarian a Hungarian Italy Italian an Italian Latvia Latvian A Latvian Lithuania Lithuanian A Lithuanian Luxembourg French A Luxembourger Malta Maltese/English A Maltese Holland (the Netherlands) Dutch A Dutchman Poland Polish A Pole Portugal Portuguese A Portuguese Romania Romanian A Romanian Slovakia Slovak A Slovak Slovenia Slovenian A Slovenian Spain Spanish A Spaniard Sweden Swedish A Swede Norway Norwegian A Norwegian Switzerland Swiss/French/German/Romansh A Swiss           The UK – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The USA – The United States of America The Netherlands

COLOURS - IDIOMS White White collars/blue collars/pink collars Red My account is in the red. – Contul meu este gol. To see red - a vedea rosu The red carpet – covorul rosu To be caught red-handed Like a red rag to a bull- ca o carpa rosie pt un taur   Black My account is in the black. – Contul meu este plin.   Blue  Out of the blue Once in a blue moon   Green To be green To have green fingers-  a fi f. priceput To be green with envy-  a fi verde de invidie How green are you? – Cat de verde esti ?( Cat de ecologist esti?)                                

EVERY, EVERYTHING I go to the office every day./Merg la birou in fiecare zi. I will bring you everything you want./iti voi adduce tot ce vrei You can’t buy everything you want/Nu poti cumpara tot ce vrei     EVERYBODY, EVERYONE, EVERYWHERE Everybody will appreciate your work./Toata lumea iti va aprecia munca. Everyone will agree with us./Toata lumea va fi de accord cu noi. You can travel everywhere you want if you have enough money.Poti calatori oriunde (peste tot unde)vrei daca ai bani suficienti .     ENOUGH   enough[i’naf]=destul, sufficient I have enough money/Am bani destui I don’t have enough money./nu am bani destui. I have enough money to buy a new car ./Am bani suficienti sa cumpar o masina noua. I don’t have enough money to buy a new house/Nu am bani suficienti sa cumpar o casa noua. He has enough money to travel abroad./el are bani destui sa calatoreasca in strainatate. She doesn’t have enough money to travel abroad./Ea nu are bani destui sa calatoreasca in strainatate. I hope that we will have enough money to travel abroad next year./Sper ca noi vom avea bani destui sa calatorim in strainatate anul viitor.                                                          

SOME, ANY, NO Af. There are some books on the table./Sunt niste carti pe masa. Some – se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Are there any books on the table?/Sunt (se afla) niste carti pe masa? any– se foloseste pt. interogativ si negativ Neg. There aren’t any books on the table./Nu sunt (niste) carti pe masa          There are no books on the table./Nu sunt (niste) carti pe masa no – se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se mai pune « not » ) *You can take any book you want/Poti lua orice carte vrei. any folosit afirmativ inseamna “orice” * Can I have some milk, please?/Imi dati va rog, niste lapte? some - se foloseste la interogativ pt. o rugaminte politicoasa (este de fapt o falsa intrebare)   SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING   Af. There is something on the table./Este  (se afla) ceva pe masa . Something – se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Is there anything on the table?/Este (se afla) ceva pe masa? anything - se foloseste pt. interogativ si negativ Neg. There isn’t anything on the table./Nu este (nu se afla) nimic pe masa.          There is nothing on the table./Nu este (nu se afla) nimic pe masa. nothing – se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se mai pune « not » ) *You can take anything you want/Poti lua orice carte vrei. anything  folosit afirmativ inseamna “orice”       SOMEBODY, ANYBODY, NOBODY Af. There is somebody in the room./Este (se afla) cineva in camera. Somebody – se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Is there anybody in the room?/Este (se afla) cineva in camera? anybody - se foloseste pt. interogativ si negativ Neg. There isn’t anybody in the room./Nu este (nu se afla) nimeni in camera.          There is nobody in the room. /Nu este (nu se afla) nimeni in camera. nobody – se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se mai pune « not » ) Anybody can cook an omlette./Oricine poate pregati o omleta. anybody  folosit afirmativ inseamna “oricine”     SOMEONE, ANYONE, NO ONE Af. There is someone in the room./Este (se afla) cineva in camera. Someone – se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Is there anyone in the room?/Este (se afla) cineva in camera? anyone - se foloseste pt. interogativsinegativ Neg. There isn’t anyone in the room./Nu este (nu se afla) nimeni in camera.          There is no one in the room. /Nu este (nu se afla) nimeni in camera. no one – se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se maipune « not » ) Anyone can cook an omlette./Oricine poate pregati o omleta. anyone  folosit afirmativ inseamna “oricine”               SOMEWHERE, ANYWHERE, NOWHERE Af. I want to go somewhere hot/Vreau sa merg undeva unde e cald. Somewhere – se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Do you want to go anywhere? anywhere - se foloseste pt. interogativsinegativ Neg. I don’t want to go anywhere./Nu vreau sa merg nicaieri.          I want to go nowhere. Nu vreau sa merg nicaieri. nowhere – se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se mai pune « not » ) *You can go anywhere you want./Poti merge oriunde vrei. Anywhere folosit afirmativ inseamna “oriunde”  

Prepositions (II) near=next to=beside I am sitting next to you. I am sitting beside you.   behind=at the back of =in spatele Tha garage is behind the house. The garage is at the back of the house   in front of The garden is in front of the house.   ahead of We had many cars ahead of us. She has a wonderful career ahead of her.   along He is walking along the road.     along with I am studying history along with geography.   together with I am together with my friends. The bear is together with its cubs. – Ursul este impreuna cu puii sai.   with I am staying with my parents at a nice hotel.   without I can’t do without your help.   over/above The picture is over the fireplace. The sky is above us.   under/below/beneath The cat is under the table. There are 3 degrees C below zero. The fish is swimming beneath the water.   for The present is for my sister. I have known her for2 years.   from Where are you from? I am from London.   About They are talking about the weather. He will arrive at about 8 o’clock.   around We have a beautiful garden around the house. He will arrive around8 o’clock.         To listen to   I am listening to music. I am listening to the news on the radio. They are listening to their teacher. What are you listening to?   Who are they listening to? To wait for (sb./sth) He is waiting for the bus. She is waiting for her friends. What is he waiting for? Who is she waiting for? To look at I am looking at the pictures. What are you looking at? To look for He is looking for his glasses. What is he looking for? To look after (to take care of) My mother is looking after my children. Who is looking after your children? To speak about The teacher is speaking about the environment. What is the teacher speaking about? To speak to The teacher is speaking to the students. Who is the teacher speaking to? To talk about They are talking about next week’s party. What are they talking about? To talk to My mother is talking to her friend. Who is your mother talking to? To complain about They are complaining about the weather. What are they complaining about? To worry about She is worried about her health. What is she worried about? To think of/about I am thinking of my friends. I am thinking about my holiday. Who are you thinking of?   What are you thinking about?      

INTRODUCERE (INTRODUCTION)      Pentru a facilita înţelegerea limbii engleze şi a modelelor de presă britanică şi americană de către studenţii de toate nivelele de la forma de Frecvenţă Redusă, din cadrul Facultăţii de Jurnalism, şi în special pentru a veni în ajutorul începătorilor, cursul de faţă îşi propune o introducere atât în gramatica şi vocabularul limbii engleze, în general cât şi în cel cu specific de presă, structurată după cum urmează: Alfabetul şi simbolurile fonetice, Gramatica – noţiuni elementare, Vocabular general şi specificnivel elementar, Modele de presă britanică şi americană, Cum să scriem/gândim un eseu – De la paragraf la scrierea academică.       CAPITOLUL 1 (FIRST CHAPTER)   ALFABETUL SI SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE ALPHABET AND THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS)     Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de faţă studentul începător va deprinde competenţa de a pronunţa corect suntele limbii engleze.   Subcapitole:  1. Alfabetul                        2. Simbolurile fonetice                             1. ALFABETUL (THE ALPHABET)   A [ei]  B [bi]               C [si]   D [di]  E [i:]    F [ef] G [dЗi]  H [eit∫]            I [ai]                J [dЗei] K [kei]             L [el] M [em]            N [en]              O [əu]              P [pi:]              Q [kju:]           R [ar] S [es]               T [ti:]               U [ju:]              V [vi:]              W [dΛbəl ju:] X [eks]             Y [wai]            Z [zed]     2. SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS)   De ce ne trebuie simbolurile fonetice?      Simbolurile fonetice ne trebuie pentru a înţelege mai bine cum se pronunţă un cuvânt atunci când îl vedem în dicţionar. Această introducere îşi propune o mai bună transmitere şi receptare a sunetelor limbii engleze şi a simbolurilor fonetice corespunzătoare, de către studenţii începători, prin echivalarea aproximativă a respectivelor sunete cu cele ale limbii române.    a)Vocalele (the vowels):   Sunetul în limba engleză (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvânt în limba engleză (Example of English Words) Sunetul aproximativ în limba română şi pronunţia din română a cuvântului englezesc (the sound in Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of the English word)   [i:] See [si:] (= a vedea) [ii] – [sii] [I]  His [hIz] (= al lui) [i] – [hiz] [i] Twenty [‘twenti] (=20) [i] – [tuenti] [e]  Ten [ten] (= 10) [e] -  [ten] [æ] Stamp [stæmp] (= timbru) [e-a] (între e şi a) – [steamp] [a:] Father [‘fa:ðə] (B.E*)/ [‘fa:ðər] (A.E) (= tata) [aa] – [faa+ z peltic (cu limba între dinţi) + ă + (în engl. americană r retroflex (îndoit spre cerul gurii) [o] Hot [hot] (= fierbinte) [o] – [hot] [o:]  Morning [‘mo:niŋ] (B.E)/ [‘morniŋ] (A.E) (= dimineaţa) [oo] – [moo (o + r retroflex în engl. americană) nin (ŋ = ng, cu g mai degrabă mut)] [u]  Football [‘futbo:l] (= fotbal) [u] – [futbool] [u:] You [ju:] (= tu) [uu] – [iuu] [Λ] Sun [sΛn] (= soare) [a] – [san] [ə: ] sau [3:] Learn [lə:n] (B.E)/[ lərn](A.E)sau [l3:n] (= a învăţa) [ăă] – [lăăn] / [lărn] (r retroflex) [ə]  Letter [‘letə] (B.E}/[letər] (A.E) (= literă, scrisoare) [ă] – [letă]/ [letăr] (r retroflex)   * - B. E, A. E = British English (engleza britanică), American English (engleza americană)   Diftongii (două vocale împreună) – Diphthongs (two vowels together)   Sunetul în limba engleză (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvânt în limba engleză (Example of English Words) Sunetul aproximativ în limba română şi pronunţia din română a cuvântului englezesc (the sound in Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of the English word) [ei] Name [neim] (= nume) [ei] – [neim] [əu] No [nəu] (=nu) [ău] – [nău] [ai] My [mai] ( = al meu) [ai] – [mai] [au] How [hau] (= cum) [au] – [hau] [oi] Boy [boi] (= băiat) [oi] – [boi] [iə] Hear [hiə] (B.E.)/ [hiər] (A.E) (= a auzi) [iă] – [hiă] / [hiăr] [eə] Where [weə] (B.E)/ [weər] (= unde) [eă] – [ueă] / [ueăr] [uə] Tour [tuə] (B.E)/ [tuər] (A.E) (= tur) [uă] – [tuă] / [tuăr]       Consoanele (the consonants)   Sunetul în limba engleză (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvânt în limba engleză (Example of English Words) Sunetul aproximativ în limba română şi pronunţia din română a cuvântului englezesc (the sound in Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of the English word) [p] Pen [pen] (= stilou) [p] – [pen] [b] Big [big] (= mare) [b] – [big] [t]  Tea [ti:] (= ceai) [t] – [tii] [d] Do [du:] (= a face) [d] – [duu] [k] Cat [kæt] (=pisica) [c] – [chet] [g] Go [gəu] (= a merge) [g] – [gău] [f]  Four [fo:] (B.E)/ [fo:r] (A.E) (= 4) [f] – [foo]/ [foor] [v] Very [‘veri] (= foarte) [v] – [veri] [s] Son [sΛn] (= fecior, copil) [s] – [san] [z] Zoo [zu:] (= gradina zoologică) [z] – [zuu] [l] Live [liv] (= a trăi, a locui) [l] – [liv] [m] My [mai] (= al meu) [m] – [mai] [n] Near [niə] (B.E)/ [niər]  (A. E) (= lângă) [n] – [niă] / [niăr] [h] Happy [‘hæpi] (= fericit) [h] – [hepi] [r] Red [red] (= roşu) [r]- [red] [j] Yes [jes] (= da) [iî] – [ies] [w] Want [want] (= a vrea) [u] – [uant] [θ] Thanks [θæŋks] (= mulţumesc) [‘s’ peltic, pronunţat cu limba între dinţi] – [θencs] [ð] The [ðə] (= articolul hotărât] [‘z’ s’ peltic, pronunţat cu limba între dinţi] – [ðă] [∫] She [∫i:] (= ea) [ş] – [şii] [3] Television [‘telivi3n] (= televiziune) [j]  - [‘telivijân] [t∫] Child [t∫aild](= copil) [ce/ci] – [ciaild] [d3] German [d3ə:mən] (B.E)/ [d3ərmən] (A.E) [ge/gi] – [ge-ărmăn] [ŋ] English [‘iŋgli∫] (= Englez(ă)) [niî/ng] – [ingliş]     Exerciţiu: Scrieţi fonetic, în limba engleză, următoarele cuvinte:               Boy =……….                Paper = ……….                         Journalism = ………..               Girl = ……….               Newspaper = ………                 journalist = ………….  

CAPITOLUL 2 (SECOND CHAPTER)     GRAMATICA – NOŢIUNI ELEMENTARE (GRAMMAR – BASICS)     Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de faţă studentul începător va deprinde competenţa de a conjuga corect verbele auxiliare ale limbii engleze, de a la utiliza în situaţiile corespunzătoare. De asemenea, va învăţa cum se formează timpurile verbale, vorbirea indirectă, diateza pasivă, pronumele, ordinea adjectivelor, şi pluralul substantivelor     Subcapitole:  1. Verbele auxiliare “to be”, “to do”, “to have” Reguli de formare – timpurile Vorbirea indirectă Diateza pasivă Pronumele Articolul Pluralul substantivelor Ordinea adjectivelor     1. VERBELE AUXILIARE (THE AUXILIARY VERBS): “TO BE” (A FI), “TO DO” (A FACE) , “TO HAVE” (A AVEA)   Ce sunt verbele auxiliare?  Verbele auxiliare sunt verbele cu care putem construi formele de interogativ (întrebările) şi de negativ în limba engleză.     În această introducere verbele auxiliare vor fi conjugate la prezentul simplu (present simple) şi la trecut (past tense simple), atât cu forma lungă (long form), cât şi cu forma scurtă (short form), care este cea mai utilizată în limba engleza, atât în cea scrisă cât şi în cea vorbită. Se va da pentru fiecare caz in parte atât transcrierea fonetică specifică limbii engleze, cât şi o echivalare în limba română.     a) Verbul “to be” (The verb “to be” [tu: bi:] = a fi   1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple)   Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)     Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma scurta (Present simple, affirmative/statement, long form, English version) affirmative/statement, Romanian version) affirmative/statement, short form, English version) I am [ai æm] / [ai em] (Eu) sunt (I = eu) I’m [aim] You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Tu) eşti (you = tu) You’re [iur] He is [hi: iz] / [hi iz] (El) este (he = el) He’s [hiz] She is [∫i: iz] / [şii iz] (Ea) este (she = ea) She’s [şiz] It is [ it iz] / [it iz] (El/ea) este (it = el/ea când ne referim la obiecte, lucruri din natură sau bebeluşi) It’s [iţ] We are [wi: a:r]/ [uii ar] (Noi) suntem (we = noi) We’re [uiăr] You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Voi) sunteţi (you = tu, voi) You’re [iur] They are [ðei a:r] / [zei ar] Ei/ele sunt (they = ei/ele) They’re [zeiăr]     Negativul (Negative)     Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurta (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I am not  (Eu) nu sunt I’m not You are not (Tu) nu eşti You aren’t He is not (El) nu este He isn’t  She is not (Ea) nu este She isn’t It is not (El/ea) (obiect) nu este It isn’t We are not (Noi) nu suntem We aren’t You are not (Voi) nu sunteţi You aren’t They aren’t (Ei/ele) nu sunt They aren’t     Interogativul (Interrogative/ “Yes/No” Questions)     Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, “yes/no questions, English version) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, “yes/no questions”, Romanian version) Am I…..? Sunt (eu)…….? Are you…..? Eşti (tu)……? Is he……? Este (el)…….? Is she…….? Este (ea)…….? Is it……….? Este el/ea (obiecte)……..? Are we……..? Suntem (noi)…….? Are you…….? Sunteţi (voi)……? Are they…….? Sunt (ei)…….?       !!! ATENŢIE!!!   După cum observaţi, forma de interogativ prezent a verbului “to be”, se formează prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + am (verb), pentru ca la interogativ să avem întâi “am” (verbul) şi apoi “I” (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aşadar “I” (subiect) + “am” (verb), la care vom adăuga marca negaţiei, adică “not”. Deci “I am not”.    2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)   Afirmativul (Affirmative/ Statements)     Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, affirmative/statments, English version)  Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba română (Past Tense Simple, affirmative/statments, Romanian version) I was [ai woz]/[wəz] (forma slabă) / [ai uăz] (Eu) am fost You were [ju: wə:r] / [iu: uăăr] (Tu) ai fost He was [hi: wəz] / [hii uăz] (El) a fost. She was [∫i: wəz] / [şii uăz] (Ea) a fost. It was [it wəz]/ [it uăz] (El/ea) (obiecte) a fost. We were [wi: wə:r] / [uii uăăr] (Noi) am fost. You were [ju: wə:r] / [iu: uăăr] (Voi) aţi fost. They were [ðei wə:r]/ [zei uăăr] (Ei/Ele) au fost.       Negativul (Negatives)     Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma lungă, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, negatives, long form,  English version) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, limba română (Past Tense Simple, negatives, Romanian version) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma scurtă, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, negatives, short form, English version) I was not  (Eu) nu am fost I wasn’t You were not (Tu) nu ai fost You weren’t He was not (El) nu a fost. He wasn’t She was not (Ea) nu a fost. She wasn’t. It was not. (El/ea) (obiecte) nu a fost. It wasn’t. We were not. (Noi) nu am fost. We weren’t. You were not (Voi) nu aţi fost. You weren’t They were not. (Ei/ele) nu au fost. They weren’t.     Interogativul (Interrogative/ “Yes/No” Questions)     Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba engleză, (Past tense simple, “yes/no questions, Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba română (Past  tense simple, “yes/no questions”, English version) Romanian version) Was I? Am fost (eu)? Were you? Ai fost (tu)? Was he? A fost (el)? Was she? A fost (ea)? Was it? A fost (el/ea) (obiect)? Were we? Am fost (noi)? Were you? Aţi fost (voi)? Were they? Au fost (ei/ele)?   !!! ATENŢIE!!!   După cum observaţi, forma de interogativ trecut a verbului “to be”, ca şi cea de interogativ prezent, se formează prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + was (verb), pentru ca la interogativ să avem întâi “was” (verbul) şi apoi “I” (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aşadar “I” (subiect) + “was” (verb), la care vom adăuga marca negaţiei, adică “not”. Deci “I was not”.    Când folosim verbul “to be”?    * Când vrem să exprimăm vârsta               Carlos is eight. (Carlos are opt ani)            Anna is ten. (Anna are zece ani)   * Când vrem să exprimăm naţionalitatea                I’m English. (Sunt englez)            She’s Romanian. (Ea este româncă)   * Când vrem să spunem care este meseria cuiva.              Jim is a teacher. (Jim este professor)            Are you a student? (Eşti student?)   * Cu un adjectiv               You’re right. (Ai dreptate)             I’m happy. (Sunt fericit)   * Cu “this/that” [ði:s]/ [ðæt], [ziis]/[zeat] (“acesta/acela”)             This is my book. (Aceasta este cartea mea)           Is that your newspaper? (Este acela ziarul tău?)   * În întrebări                Is Tom here? (Este Tom aici?)                     Are you ten? (Ai zece ani?)            Are they Spanish? (Sunt ei spanioli?)         Is it easy? (E uşor?)           Is this your house? (Este aceasta casa ta?)   * Ca verb auxiliar, pentru construirea formelor de continuu.          I am learning English at the moment. (În acest moment învăţ limba engleză)     Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului “to be”:   I………..eight.                                He………..ten. You…………right.                                                  ………I a student? Jim……….a teacher. ………..they Chinese?   2. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului “to be”:   I………..eight.                                He………..ten. You…………right.                                                  ………I a student? Jim……….a teacher. ………..they Chinese?   b) Verbul “to do” [tu: du:]= a face   1.        Prezentul simplu (Present Simple)   Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)     Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, affirmative/statement, English version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, affirmative/statement, Romanian version) I do [ai du:]/ [ai duu]  (Eu) fac You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Tu) faci He does [hi: dΛz] / [hii daz] (El) face She does [∫i: dΛz] / [şii daz] (Ea) face It does [it dΛz] / [it daz] (El/ea) (obiecte) face We do [wi: du:] / [uii duu] (Noi) facem You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Voi) faceţi They do [ðei du:] / [zei duu] (Ei/ele) fac   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi terminaţia în “s” la persoana a treia singular a formei de afirmativ, prezentul simplu, pentru verbul “to do” (“does”). O vom întâlni la toate verbele din limba engleză cu excepţia celor modale.   Negativul (Negatives)     Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, negative, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I do not (= auxiliary); I do not do Eu nu …(auxiliar); Eu nu fac I don’t (auxiliar, răspuns scurt); I don’t do You do not; You do not do (Tu) nu…..; (Tu) nu faci You don’t; you don’t do He does not; He does not do (El) nu….; (El) nu face He doesn’t; he doesn’t do She does not; She does not do (Ea) nu….; (Ea) nu face She doesn’t; She doesn’t do It does not; It does not do (El/ea) (obiecte) nu….; (El/ea) nu face It doesn’t; it doesn’t do We do not; We do not do (Noi) nu….; (Noi) nu facem We don’t; we don’t do You do not; You do not do (Voi) nu....; (Voi) nu faceţi You don’t; you don’t do They don’t; They don’t do (Ei/ele) nu…..; (Ei/ele) nu fac. They don’t; they don’t do   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Ca verb auxiliar, “to do” are ca formă de negativ, “I do not”, prescurtat “I don’t”, el ajutând de fapt la formarea negativului celuilalt verb de conjugat, de exemplu “I do not write”, sau “I don’t write”, “Eu nu scriu”.   Ca verb de sine stătător, cu sensul de “a face”, el formează negativul cu el însuşi pe post de auxiliar, urmat de infinitivul scurt “do”: “I don’t do that”, “Eu nu fac asta”. După cum se observă în tabelul de mai sus, infinitivul scurt “do” este valabil pentru toate persoanele de singular şi de plural.   c)Interogativul (Interrogative, “Yes/No Questions) – ca auxiliar, îl vom însoţi de aceea de un verb de conjugat: “write [rait]” ( a scrie)   Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, “yes/no questions, English version) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, “yes/no questions”, Romanian version) Do I write?  Scriu (eu)? Do you write? Scrii (tu)? Does he write? Scrie (el)? Does she write? Scrie (ea)? Does it write? Scrie (el/ea) (obiecte)? Do we write? Scriem (noi)? Do you write? Scrieţi (voi)? Do they write? Scriu (ei/ele)?   !!! ATENŢIE !!!    Observaţi ordinea la interogativ: auxiliarul “do” + subiect “I” + verbul la infinitiv “write”. Vom întâlni această ordine la forma de interogativ prezent a tuturor verbelor limbii engleze cu excepţia celor modale şi a verbului “to be”, pe care l-am conjugat mai devreme.  Observaţi, de asemenea, faptul că la persoana a treia singular, unde la afirmativ avem “he/she/it writes”, deci cu terminaţia “s”, la interogativ, vom folosi doar “s”-ul de la persoana a treia singular a verbului auxiliar “do”, deci “does”, iar verbul de conjugat, “write” în cazul de faţă, va rămâne tot la infinitivul scurt. Aşadar, avem “Does he/she/it write?” şi NU “Does he/she/it writes?”   2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)    În cazul verbului “to do”, avem o singură formă de trecut (past tense simple) pentru toate persoanele, şi anume “did”.               Afirmativ:    I/He/We/You/They did  the shopping.  (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au făcut cumpărăturile).              Negativ:         I/He/We/You/They did not do (didn’t do) the shopping.                                             (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au făcut cumpărăturile).              Interogativ:  Did I/he/we/you/they do the shopping?                                             (Am/au făcut eu/el/noi/voi/ei cumpărăturile?).   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi şi în acest caz forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat, în construcţiile “did not do” şi “did I do”.    Când folosim verbul “to do”?   * Ca verb auxiliar (auxiliary verb): în întrebări:                  Do you like tennis? (Iţi place tennisul?)         What do you do in the evenings? (Ce faci seara?) în negaţii:                          I don’t like tennis. (Nu-mi place tennisul)        I don’t do much in the evenings. (Nu fac prea multe seara)        Don’t go. (Nu te duce).   în emfaze (accentuarea unei părţi a propoziţiei):                                                         Do sit down! (Stai jos, te rog!)                                                        I do love her. (Chiar o iubesc) în inversiune (verb înaintea subiectului):       At no time did he lose his self-control. (Nu si-a pierdut controlul nici un moment). elipsa (folosim un verb auxiliar în locul unui verb întreg):     You saw Allen, didn’t you? (L-ai văzut pe Allen, nu-i aşa?) # Ca verb cu scop general  activităţi nedefinite – “ceva” (something [sΛmθiŋ] / [samsing]), “nimic” (nothing [nΛθiŋ] / [nasing]), “orice” (anything [eniθiŋ] /[ enising]):  Do something! (Fă ceva!) pentru “muncă”  I do the shopping, you do the cooking. (Eu fac cumpărăturile, tu găteşte)   Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului “to do”:   ......you like tennis? I.............like tennis. ........she like tennis? ............read! They............like her!   2. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului “to do”:   ......you like tennis? I.............like tennis. ........she like tennis? They............like her!     c) Verbul “to have” [tu: hæv] = a avea   1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple)   Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)     Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, affirmative/statement, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, affirmative/statement, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, affirmative/statement, short form, English version) I have [ai hæv] / [ai hev] (Eu) am I’ve [aiv] You have [ju: hæv] / [iuu hev]  (Tu) ai You’ve [iuv] He has [hi: hæz]/ [hii hez] (El) are He’s [hiz] She has [∫i: hæz] / [şii hez] (Ea) are She’s [şiz] It has [it hæz] / [it hez] (El/ea) (obiecte) are. It’s [iţ] We have [wi: hæv] / [uii hev] (Noi) avem We’ve [uiv] You have [ju: hæv] / [iuu hev] (Voi) aveţi You’ve [iuv] They have [ðei hæv]’/ [zei hev] (Ei/ele) au They’ve [zeiv]     !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi şi în cazul verbului “to have” terminaţia “s” de la persoana a treia singular, pentru forma de prezent simplu.   Negativul (Negatives)     Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I have not / I do not have (Eu) nu am I haven’t/ I don’t have You have not / You do not have (Tu) nu ai You haven’t/ You don’t have He has not/ He does not have (El) nu are. He hasn’t/ He doesn’t have She has not/ She does not have (Ea) nu are. She hasn’t/ She doesn’t have It has not/ It does not have (El/Ea) (obiecte) nu are. It hasn’t/ It doesn’t have We have not / We do not have (Noi) nu avem. We haven’t/ We don’t have You have not / You do not have (Voi) nu aveţi. You haven’t/ You don’t have They have not / They do not have (Ei/Ele) nu au. They haven’t/ They don’t have   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Verbul “to have” poate fi verb auxiliar, ajutând la formarea unor întrebări pentru formele de perfect, caz în care forma de negativ prezent este “I haven’t….”, fie ca răspuns scurt, fie ca urmat de verbul de conjugat, forma a treia: “I haven’t written” (Nu am scris).   Ca verb de sine stătător, cu sensul de “a avea”, “to have” are ca formă de negativ “I don’t have”, deci îl utilizează ca verb auxiliar pe verbul “to do” despre care am vorbit mai devreme.  Aceleaşi observaţii sunt valabile şi pentru formele de interogativ prezent , pe care le vom vedea în tabelul de mai jos.    Interogativul (Interrogative, “Yes/No Questions”     Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, “yes/no questions, English version) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, “yes/no questions”, Romanian version) Have I…..?/ Do I have? Am…..? Am (eu)? Have you…..? / Do you have? Ai…..? Ai (tu)? Has he…..? / Does he have? A…….? Are (el)?  Has she…..? / Does she have? A…….? Are (ea)? Has it…..? / Does it have? A…….? Are (el/ea) (obiecte)? Have we…..?/ Do we have? Am……? Avem (noi)? Have you…..?/ Do you have? Aţi…..? Aveţi (voi)? Have they…..?/ Do they have? Au…….? Au (ei/ele)?   2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)    În cazul verbului “to have” avem o singură formă pentru timpul trecut (past tense simple) şi anume “had”, pentru toate persoanele.    Afirmativ :    I/He/We/You/They had a car.                            (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au avut o maşină). Negativ:    I/He/We/You/They didn’t have a car.                       (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au avut o maşină) Interogativ:    Did I/he/we/you/they have a car?                 Am/au avut eu/el/noi/voi/ei/ o maşină?   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi formarea negativului şi a interogativului verbului “to have” ca verb de sine stătător cu past tense-ul auxiliarului do, deci did, urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat “have”. Aşadar, avem didn’t have, şi did I have şi NU “didn’t had” şi “did I had”.  Observaţi de asemenea că în limba engleză este obligatorie exprimarea/folosirea subiectului, “did I have”, pe când în limba română el poate fi omis, “Am avut (eu)?”   Când folosim verbul “to have”?   * Ca auxiliar  Pentru formele de perfect (perfect verb forms): have read the book. (Am citit/citii cartea) (present perfect – prezent perfect) I had read the book. (Citisem cartea) (past perfect – mai mult ca perfectul) I will have read the book by this time tomorrow. (Voi fi citit cartea până mâine pe vremea asta).(future perfect – viitorul perfect) I’d like to have read this book ten years ago. (Mi-aş dori să fi citit cartea asta acum zece ani) (perfect infinitive – infinitivul perfect) Having read the book before, he knew what to expect. (Citind/ Dat fiind că citise cartea înainte, ştia la ce să se aştepte).   Întrebări şi negaţii                         Have you read the book? (Ai citit/citişi cartea?)                        I haven’t read the book. (Nu am citit/ nu citii cartea).   * Când vorbim despre posesie, relaţii şi alte situaţii/stări:                       They have three newspapers. (Ei au trei ziare).                      Have you got any brothers or sisters? (Ai fraţi sau surori?)                      Do you often have headaches? (Ai des dureri de cap?)   * Când vorbim despre acţiuni şi experienţe:                        I’m going to have a shower. (O să fac un duş)                  We’re having a meeting next month. (Vom avea o întrunire luna viitoare).   * Când vorbim despre obligaţii  had to read yesterday. (Ieri a trebuit să citesc).   # Când vorbim despre cauzarea sau experimentarea unor acţiuni şi evenimente           His son had everybody laughing. (Fiul său i-a făcut pe toţi să râdă)   I must have my shoes repaired. (Trebuie să-mi repar pantofii)   We had our car stolen last week. (Ni s-a furat maşina săptămâna trecută)   Exerciţii:  1. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului “to have”:               I ………..a book. He ……….a car. ……..you………a picture? She ……….not ……water. He………..a newspaper.       2. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului “to have”: I ………..a book. He ……….a car. ……..you………a picture? She ……….not ……water. He………..a newspaper.  

2. REGULI DE FORMARE (FORMATION RULES)-  TIMPURILE (TENSES)     1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple) – obiceiuri, acţiuni generale         Afirmativ (Positive):    I/You/We/They read He/She/It/ reads                                                            (to read [ri:d] / [riid] = a citi)       Negative:                           You don’t read         He doesn’t read      Interogativ: (Questions):  Do you read…..?       Does he read….?   Prezentul continuu (Present continuous): - acţiuni care au loc la momentul vorbirii         Afirmativ (Positive):       I am reading.            You/We/They are reading.                                               He/She/It is reading.         Negative:                          I am not reading.      You aren’t reading.                                                 She isn’t reading.       Question:                          Am I reading?            Are you reading?                                                Is she reading?   Prezentul perfect (Present perfect): - acţiuni din trecutul apropiat, cu consecinţe vizibile în prezent         Afirmativ (Positive):    I/You/We/they have written.     He/she/it has written.                                                                        (to write = a scrie)      Negative (Questions):     They haven’t written.          He hasn’t written.      Interogativ:                      Have they written?              Has he written?   Past (Trecut) Simple: acţiune desfăşurată în trecut, cu mărci ale trecutului, ca “ieri”, “anul trecut”, etc.   Regulat (Regular):                               positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They stopped.                        negative: You didn’t stop.                            interogative: Did you stop?   Neregulat (Irregular): positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They wrote. (to write – wrote- written)                                               negative: You didn’t write.                                                  interogativ: Did you write?   Past (Trecut) continuu (Past Continuous): acţiune trecută ce se desfăşoară în timpul altei acţiuni trecute)   (Afirmative) Positive:      I/He/She/It was writing.   You/We/They/ were writing. Negativ:                           You weren’t writing.          She wasn’t writing. Interogativ:                      Were you writing?             Was she writing?   Exerciţiu: Treceţi verbele date la infinitiv la timpurile cerute în paranteză.   I ………….. (to read – prezent simplu). You………. .(to go – prezent continuu) He ………….            (to write – prezentul perfect) We……………… (to watch TV – past tense simplu) They…………..  (to speak – past tense continuu)     3. VORBIREA INDIRECTĂ (REPORTED SPEECH)     Direct                                                            Reported                                                   ‘I never eat vegetables’                                He said (that) he never ate vegetables. (Nu mănânc niciodată legume)                  (El a spus că nu mănâncă niciodată legume)                ‘I’m reading’.                                                 She said (that) she was reading.  ‘I’ll write to you soon.”                                He said (that) he would write to you soon. ‘I’ve read it.’                                                   She said (that) she had read it. ‘I took it.’                                                        She said (that) she had taken it. ‘I was reading.’                                             She said (that) she had been reading.   Exerciţiu: Treceţi propoziţiile următoare la vorbirea indirectă:   ‘I’m writing’                                  ……………………. ‘I’ll talk to you soon’                    ……………………. ‘I’ve seen it’                                  ……………………… ‘I ate it’                                          …………………….. ‘I was laughing’.              ……………………….        

4. DIATEZA PASIVA (PASSIVE VOICE)     Active                                                            Passive He helps. (El ajută)                                       He is helped. (El este ajutat) He has helped.                                                He has been helped He helped.                                              He was helped. He will help.                                                    He will be helped.                                                                  5. PRONUMELE (PRONOUNS)     #  Pronume personale cu funcţie de subiect (Subject pronouns [sΛbd3ekt] [prounauns]/ [sabgect pronauns]:   I [ai] = eu                                           She [∫i:] / [şii] = ea You [ju:] / [iuu] = tu                    It [it] = el/ea pentru obiecte sau elemente din natură He [hi:] / [hii] = el                             We [wi: ] / [uii] = noi You [ju:] / [iuu] = voi                        They [ðei] / [zei] = ei/ele   # Pronume personale cu funcţie de complement (Object [obd3ekt]/ [obgect] pronouns)   Me [mi: ] / [mii] = pe mine, mie Her [hər] / [hăr] = pe ea, ei You [ju:] / [iuu] = pe tine, ţie  It [it] = pe el/ea, lui/ei Him [him] = pe el, lui               Us [Λs] / [as] = pe noi, nouă You [ju:] / [iuu] = pe voi, vouă Them [ðem] /[zem] = pe ei/ele, lor   # Pronume posesive (Possessive pronouns):   Mine [main] = al meu              Hers [hərz] / [hărz] = al ei Yours [jo:rz] / [iorz] = al tău  its [its] / [iţ] = al lui/ei His [hiz] = al lui                        Ours [auərz] / [auărz]= al nostrum Yours [jo:rz] / [iorz] = al vostru Theirs [ðeəz] / [zeărz] = al lor   # this şi that   Singular:  this [ði:s] / [ziis] = acesta       that [ðæt] / [ze-at] = acela Plural  These [ðiz] / [ziz] = acestea  those [ðous ] / [zous] = acelea   # one, ones [wΛn] / [uan]              I like that one = Îmi place aceea.           I don’t like the blue ones= Nu-mi plac cele albastre.    Exerciţiu: Completaţi propoziţiile cu pronumele corespunzătoare:   ……..am reading a book. ………is writing his homework. ………are going to the cinema. ………is my house. ………house is ……..`     6. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)     # Articolul hotărât (the definite article) – the   # Articolul nehotărât (the indefinite article) – a – în faţa consoanelor                                                                        - an - în faţa vocalelor     7. PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR (PLURAL NOUNS)    În limba engleză pluralul substantivelor se formează prin adăugarea unui “s” la forma de singural, aşa cum vom vedea mai târziu. Mai jos vom vedea doar câteva exemple de substantive neregulate.   Man [mæn] / [me-an] – men [men] = bărbat Woman [wumən] / [umăn] – women [wimin] / [uimin] = femeie Child [t∫aild] / [ciaild] – children [t∫ildrən] = copil Tooth [tu:θ] / [tuus] – teeth [ti:θ] / [tiis] = dinte Mouse [maus] – mice [mais] = şoarece Foot [fut] – feet [fi:t] / [fiit] = picior (de la gleznă în jos)     8. ORDINEA ADJECTIVELOR (ORDER OF ADJECTIVES)             În limba engleză adjectivul se aşază înaintea substantivului:                          A beautiful girl. O fată frumoasă.   Beautiful [bju:təful] / [biutăful] = frumos Girl [gərl] / [gărl] = fată    Când avem două sau mai multe adjective (poziţia 1 – cel mai departe de substantiv)   Poziţia:         1. Unul sau mai multe din următoarele tipuri de adjective:               1a Opinie: beautiful              1b Mărime: large [lard3] / [largi] = lung                          1c Vârstă: old [ould] = bătrân                         1d Formă: round [raund] = rotund                           1e Temperatură: cold [kould]/ [could] = rece Poziţia: 2. Culori: green [gri:n] / [griin] (verde), blue [blu:] / [bluu] (albastru)               plastic 3. Materialul (din ce este făcut): wooden [wudən] / [uudăn] = din lemn;               4. Scop (pentru ce este): a running shoe [ə rΛniŋ ∫u:] / [ ă raning şuu] = un pantof pentru alergat                         5. Substantivul   1c   3 4 5   An old,   leather,         (din piele) football boot (bocanc)   1c   2 3 4 5 Some (nou), new orange  (portocaliu), lycra, cycling shorts 1a   2 3 5   A beautiful, green, silk (mătase) shirt              

CAPITOLUL 2 (SECOND CHAPTER)     GRAMATICA – NOŢIUNI ELEMENTARE (GRAMMAR – BASICS)     Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de faţă studentul începător va deprinde competenţa de a conjuga corect verbele auxiliare ale limbii engleze, de a la utiliza în situaţiile corespunzătoare. De asemenea, va învăţa cum se formează timpurile verbale, vorbirea indirectă, diateza pasivă, pronumele, ordinea adjectivelor, şi pluralul substantivelor     Subcapitole:  1. Verbele auxiliare “to be”, “to do”, “to have” Reguli de formare – timpurile Vorbirea indirectă Diateza pasivă Pronumele Articolul Pluralul substantivelor Ordinea adjectivelor     1. VERBELE AUXILIARE (THE AUXILIARY VERBS): “TO BE” (A FI), “TO DO” (A FACE) , “TO HAVE” (A AVEA)   Ce sunt verbele auxiliare?  Verbele auxiliare sunt verbele cu care putem construi formele de interogativ (întrebările) şi de negativ în limba engleză.     În această introducere verbele auxiliare vor fi conjugate la prezentul simplu (present simple) şi la trecut (past tense simple), atât cu forma lungă (long form), cât şi cu forma scurtă (short form), care este cea mai utilizată în limba engleza, atât în cea scrisă cât şi în cea vorbită. Se va da pentru fiecare caz in parte atât transcrierea fonetică specifică limbii engleze, cât şi o echivalare în limba română.     a) Verbul “to be” (The verb “to be” [tu: bi:] = a fi   1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple)   Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)     Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma scurta (Present simple, affirmative/statement, long form, English version) affirmative/statement, Romanian version) affirmative/statement, short form, English version) I am [ai æm] / [ai em] (Eu) sunt (I = eu) I’m [aim] You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Tu) eşti (you = tu) You’re [iur] He is [hi: iz] / [hi iz] (El) este (he = el) He’s [hiz] She is [∫i: iz] / [şii iz] (Ea) este (she = ea) She’s [şiz] It is [ it iz] / [it iz] (El/ea) este (it = el/ea când ne referim la obiecte, lucruri din natură sau bebeluşi) It’s [iţ] We are [wi: a:r]/ [uii ar] (Noi) suntem (we = noi) We’re [uiăr] You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Voi) sunteţi (you = tu, voi) You’re [iur] They are [ðei a:r] / [zei ar] Ei/ele sunt (they = ei/ele) They’re [zeiăr]     Negativul (Negative)     Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurta (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I am not  (Eu) nu sunt I’m not You are not (Tu) nu eşti You aren’t He is not (El) nu este He isn’t  She is not (Ea) nu este She isn’t It is not (El/ea) (obiect) nu este It isn’t We are not (Noi) nu suntem We aren’t You are not (Voi) nu sunteţi You aren’t They aren’t (Ei/ele) nu sunt They aren’t     Interogativul (Interrogative/ “Yes/No” Questions)     Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, “yes/no questions, English version) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, “yes/no questions”, Romanian version) Am I…..? Sunt (eu)…….? Are you…..? Eşti (tu)……? Is he……? Este (el)…….? Is she…….? Este (ea)…….? Is it……….? Este el/ea (obiecte)……..? Are we……..? Suntem (noi)…….? Are you…….? Sunteţi (voi)……? Are they…….? Sunt (ei)…….?       !!! ATENŢIE!!!   După cum observaţi, forma de interogativ prezent a verbului “to be”, se formează prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + am (verb), pentru ca la interogativ să avem întâi “am” (verbul) şi apoi “I” (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aşadar “I” (subiect) + “am” (verb), la care vom adăuga marca negaţiei, adică “not”. Deci “I am not”.    2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)   Afirmativul (Affirmative/ Statements)     Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, affirmative/statments, English version)  Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba română (Past Tense Simple, affirmative/statments, Romanian version) I was [ai woz]/[wəz] (forma slabă) / [ai uăz] (Eu) am fost You were [ju: wə:r] / [iu: uăăr] (Tu) ai fost He was [hi: wəz] / [hii uăz] (El) a fost. She was [∫i: wəz] / [şii uăz] (Ea) a fost. It was [it wəz]/ [it uăz] (El/ea) (obiecte) a fost. We were [wi: wə:r] / [uii uăăr] (Noi) am fost. You were [ju: wə:r] / [iu: uăăr] (Voi) aţi fost. They were [ðei wə:r]/ [zei uăăr] (Ei/Ele) au fost.       Negativul (Negatives)     Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma lungă, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, negatives, long form,  English version) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, limba română (Past Tense Simple, negatives, Romanian version) Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma scurtă, limba engleză (Past Tense Simple, negatives, short form, English version) I was not  (Eu) nu am fost I wasn’t You were not (Tu) nu ai fost You weren’t He was not (El) nu a fost. He wasn’t She was not (Ea) nu a fost. She wasn’t. It was not. (El/ea) (obiecte) nu a fost. It wasn’t. We were not. (Noi) nu am fost. We weren’t. You were not (Voi) nu aţi fost. You weren’t They were not. (Ei/ele) nu au fost. They weren’t.     Interogativul (Interrogative/ “Yes/No” Questions)     Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba engleză, (Past tense simple, “yes/no questions, Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba română (Past  tense simple, “yes/no questions”, English version) Romanian version) Was I? Am fost (eu)? Were you? Ai fost (tu)? Was he? A fost (el)? Was she? A fost (ea)? Was it? A fost (el/ea) (obiect)? Were we? Am fost (noi)? Were you? Aţi fost (voi)? Were they? Au fost (ei/ele)?   !!! ATENŢIE!!!   După cum observaţi, forma de interogativ trecut a verbului “to be”, ca şi cea de interogativ prezent, se formează prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + was (verb), pentru ca la interogativ să avem întâi “was” (verbul) şi apoi “I” (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aşadar “I” (subiect) + “was” (verb), la care vom adăuga marca negaţiei, adică “not”. Deci “I was not”.    Când folosim verbul “to be”?    - Când vrem să exprimăm vârsta               Carlos is eight. (Carlos are opt ani)            Anna is ten. (Anna are zece ani)   - Când vrem să exprimăm naţionalitatea                I’m English. (Sunt englez)            She’s Romanian. (Ea este româncă)   - Când vrem să spunem care este meseria cuiva.              Jim is a teacher. (Jim este professor)            Are you a student? (Eşti student?)   - Cu un adjectiv               You’re right. (Ai dreptate)             I’m happy. (Sunt fericit)   - Cu “this/that” [ði:s]/ [ðæt], [ziis]/[zeat] (“acesta/acela”)             This is my book. (Aceasta este cartea mea)           Is that your newspaper? (Este acela ziarul tău?)   - În întrebări                Is Tom here? (Este Tom aici?)                     Are you ten? (Ai zece ani?)            Are they Spanish? (Sunt ei spanioli?)         Is it easy? (E uşor?)           Is this your house? (Este aceasta casa ta?)   - Ca verb auxiliar, pentru construirea formelor de continuu.          I am learning English at the moment. (În acest moment învăţ limba engleză)     Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului “to be”:   I………..eight.                                He………..ten. You…………right.                                                  ………I a student? Jim……….a teacher. ………..they Chinese?   2. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului “to be”:   I………..eight.                                He………..ten. You…………right.                                                  ………I a student? Jim……….a teacher. ………..they Chinese?   b) Verbul “to do” [tu: du:]= a face   1.        Prezentul simplu (Present Simple)   Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)     Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, affirmative/statement, English version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, affirmative/statement, Romanian version) I do [ai du:]/ [ai duu]  (Eu) fac You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Tu) faci He does [hi: dΛz] / [hii daz] (El) face She does [∫i: dΛz] / [şii daz] (Ea) face It does [it dΛz] / [it daz] (El/ea) (obiecte) face We do [wi: du:] / [uii duu] (Noi) facem You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Voi) faceţi They do [ðei du:] / [zei duu] (Ei/ele) fac   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi terminaţia în “s” la persoana a treia singular a formei de afirmativ, prezentul simplu, pentru verbul “to do” (“does”). O vom întâlni la toate verbele din limba engleză cu excepţia celor modale.   Negativul (Negatives)     Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, negative, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I do not (= auxiliary); I do not do Eu nu …(auxiliar); Eu nu fac I don’t (auxiliar, răspuns scurt); I don’t do You do not; You do not do (Tu) nu…..; (Tu) nu faci You don’t; you don’t do He does not; He does not do (El) nu….; (El) nu face He doesn’t; he doesn’t do She does not; She does not do (Ea) nu….; (Ea) nu face She doesn’t; She doesn’t do It does not; It does not do (El/ea) (obiecte) nu….; (El/ea) nu face It doesn’t; it doesn’t do We do not; We do not do (Noi) nu….; (Noi) nu facem We don’t; we don’t do You do not; You do not do (Voi) nu....; (Voi) nu faceţi You don’t; you don’t do They don’t; They don’t do (Ei/ele) nu…..; (Ei/ele) nu fac. They don’t; they don’t do   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Ca verb auxiliar, “to do” are ca formă de negativ, “I do not”, prescurtat “I don’t”, el ajutând de fapt la formarea negativului celuilalt verb de conjugat, de exemplu “I do not write”, sau “I don’t write”, “Eu nu scriu”.   Ca verb de sine stătător, cu sensul de “a face”, el formează negativul cu el însuşi pe post de auxiliar, urmat de infinitivul scurt “do”: “I don’t do that”, “Eu nu fac asta”. După cum se observă în tabelul de mai sus, infinitivul scurt “do” este valabil pentru toate persoanele de singular şi de plural.   c)Interogativul (Interrogative, “Yes/No Questions) – ca auxiliar, îl vom însoţi de aceea de un verb de conjugat: “write [rait]” ( a scrie)   Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, “yes/no questions, English version) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, “yes/no questions”, Romanian version) Do I write?  Scriu (eu)? Do you write? Scrii (tu)? Does he write? Scrie (el)? Does she write? Scrie (ea)? Does it write? Scrie (el/ea) (obiecte)? Do we write? Scriem (noi)? Do you write? Scrieţi (voi)? Do they write? Scriu (ei/ele)?   !!! ATENŢIE !!!    Observaţi ordinea la interogativ: auxiliarul “do” + subiect “I” + verbul la infinitiv “write”. Vom întâlni această ordine la forma de interogativ prezent a tuturor verbelor limbii engleze cu excepţia celor modale şi a verbului “to be”, pe care l-am conjugat mai devreme.  Observaţi, de asemenea, faptul că la persoana a treia singular, unde la afirmativ avem “he/she/it writes”, deci cu terminaţia “s”, la interogativ, vom folosi doar “s”-ul de la persoana a treia singular a verbului auxiliar “do”, deci “does”, iar verbul de conjugat, “write” în cazul de faţă, va rămâne tot la infinitivul scurt. Aşadar, avem “Does he/she/it write?” şi NU “Does he/she/it writes?”   2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)    În cazul verbului “to do”, avem o singură formă de trecut (past tense simple) pentru toate persoanele, şi anume “did”.               Afirmativ:    I/He/We/You/They did  the shopping.  (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au făcut cumpărăturile).              Negativ:         I/He/We/You/They did not do (didn’t do) the shopping.                                             (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au făcut cumpărăturile).              Interogativ:  Did I/he/we/you/they do the shopping?                                             (Am/au făcut eu/el/noi/voi/ei cumpărăturile?).   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi şi în acest caz forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat, în construcţiile “did not do” şi “did I do”.    Când folosim verbul “to do”?   - Ca verb auxiliar (auxiliary verb): în întrebări:                  Do you like tennis? (Iţi place tennisul?)         What do you do in the evenings? (Ce faci seara?) în negaţii:                          I don’t like tennis. (Nu-mi place tennisul)        I don’t do much in the evenings. (Nu fac prea multe seara)        Don’t go. (Nu te duce).   în emfaze (accentuarea unei părţi a propoziţiei):                                                         Do sit down! (Stai jos, te rog!)                                                        I do love her. (Chiar o iubesc) în inversiune (verb înaintea subiectului):       At no time did he lose his self-control. (Nu si-a pierdut controlul nici un moment). elipsa (folosim un verb auxiliar în locul unui verb întreg):     You saw Allen, didn’t you? (L-ai văzut pe Allen, nu-i aşa?) # Ca verb cu scop general  activităţi nedefinite – “ceva” (something [sΛmθiŋ] / [samsing]), “nimic” (nothing [nΛθiŋ] / [nasing]), “orice” (anything [eniθiŋ] /[ enising]):  Do something! (Fă ceva!) pentru “muncă”  I do the shopping, you do the cooking. (Eu fac cumpărăturile, tu găteşte)   Exerciţii: 1. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului “to do”:   ......you like tennis? I.............like tennis. ........she like tennis? ............read! They............like her!   2. Completaţi propoziţiile cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului “to do”:   ......you like tennis? I.............like tennis. ........she like tennis? They............like her!     c) Verbul “to have” [tu: hæv] = a avea   1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple)   Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements)     Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, affirmative/statement, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba română (Present simple, affirmative/statement, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, affirmative/statement, short form, English version) I have [ai hæv] / [ai hev] (Eu) am I’ve [aiv] You have [ju: hæv] / [iuu hev]  (Tu) ai You’ve [iuv] He has [hi: hæz]/ [hii hez] (El) are He’s [hiz] She has [∫i: hæz] / [şii hez] (Ea) are She’s [şiz] It has [it hæz] / [it hez] (El/ea) (obiecte) are. It’s [iţ] We have [wi: hæv] / [uii hev] (Noi) avem We’ve [uiv] You have [ju: hæv] / [iuu hev] (Voi) aveţi You’ve [iuv] They have [ðei hæv]’/ [zei hev] (Ei/ele) au They’ve [zeiv]     !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi şi în cazul verbului “to have” terminaţia “s” de la persoana a treia singular, pentru forma de prezent simplu.   Negativul (Negatives)     Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma lungă (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba română (Present simple, negatives, Romanian version) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba engleză, forma scurtă (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version) I have not / I do not have (Eu) nu am I haven’t/ I don’t have You have not / You do not have (Tu) nu ai You haven’t/ You don’t have He has not/ He does not have (El) nu are. He hasn’t/ He doesn’t have She has not/ She does not have (Ea) nu are. She hasn’t/ She doesn’t have It has not/ It does not have (El/Ea) (obiecte) nu are. It hasn’t/ It doesn’t have We have not / We do not have (Noi) nu avem. We haven’t/ We don’t have You have not / You do not have (Voi) nu aveţi. You haven’t/ You don’t have They have not / They do not have (Ei/Ele) nu au. They haven’t/ They don’t have   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Verbul “to have” poate fi verb auxiliar, ajutând la formarea unor întrebări pentru formele de perfect, caz în care forma de negativ prezent este “I haven’t….”, fie ca răspuns scurt, fie ca urmat de verbul de conjugat, forma a treia: “I haven’t written” (Nu am scris).   Ca verb de sine stătător, cu sensul de “a avea”, “to have” are ca formă de negativ “I don’t have”, deci îl utilizează ca verb auxiliar pe verbul “to do” despre care am vorbit mai devreme.  Aceleaşi observaţii sunt valabile şi pentru formele de interogativ prezent , pe care le vom vedea în tabelul de mai jos.    Interogativul (Interrogative, “Yes/No Questions”)     Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba engleză, (Present simple, “yes/no questions, English version) Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba română (Present simple, “yes/no questions”, Romanian version) Have I…..?/ Do I have? Am…..? Am (eu)? Have you…..? / Do you have? Ai…..? Ai (tu)? Has he…..? / Does he have? A…….? Are (el)?  Has she…..? / Does she have? A…….? Are (ea)? Has it…..? / Does it have? A…….? Are (el/ea) (obiecte)? Have we…..?/ Do we have? Am……? Avem (noi)? Have you…..?/ Do you have? Aţi…..? Aveţi (voi)? Have they…..?/ Do they have? Au…….? Au (ei/ele)?     2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple)    În cazul verbului “to have” avem o singură formă pentru timpul trecut (past tense simple) şi anume “had”, pentru toate persoanele.    Afirmativ :    I/He/We/You/They had a car.                            (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au avut o maşină). Negativ:    I/He/We/You/They didn’t have a car.                       (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au avut o maşină) Interogativ:    Did I/he/we/you/they have a car?                 Am/au avut eu/el/noi/voi/ei/ o maşină?   !!! ATENŢIE!!!    Observaţi formarea negativului şi a interogativului verbului “to have” ca verb de sine stătător cu past tense-ul auxiliarului do, deci did, urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat “have”. Aşadar, avem didn’t have, şi did I have şi NU “didn’t had” şi “did I had”.  Observaţi de asemenea că în limba engleză este obligatorie exprimarea/folosirea subiectului, “did I have”, pe când în limba română el poate fi omis, “Am avut (eu)?”   Când folosim verbul “to have”?   - Ca auxiliar  Pentru formele de perfect (perfect verb forms): have read the book. (Am citit/citii cartea) (present perfect – prezent perfect) I had read the book. (Citisem cartea) (past perfect – mai mult ca perfectul) I will have read the book by this time tomorrow. (Voi fi citit cartea până mâine pe vremea asta).(future perfect – viitorul perfect) I’d like to have read this book ten years ago. (Mi-aş dori să fi citit cartea asta acum zece ani) (perfect infinitive – infinitivul perfect) Having read the book before, he knew what to expect. (Citind/ Dat fiind că citise cartea înainte, ştia la ce să se aştepte).   Întrebări şi negaţii                         Have you read the book? (Ai citit/citişi cartea?)                        I haven’t read the book. (Nu am citit/ nu citii cartea).   - Când vorbim despre posesie, relaţii şi alte situaţii/stări:                       They have three newspapers. (Ei au trei ziare).                      Have you got any brothers or sisters? (Ai fraţi sau surori?)                      Do you often have headaches? (Ai des dureri de cap?)   - Când vorbim despre acţiuni şi experienţe:                        I’m going to have a shower. (O să fac un duş)                  We’re having a meeting next month. (Vom avea o întrunire luna viitoare).   - Când vorbim despre obligaţii  had to read yesterday. (Ieri a trebuit să citesc).   # Când vorbim despre cauzarea sau experimentarea unor acţiuni şi evenimente           His son had everybody laughing. (Fiul său i-a făcut pe toţi să râdă)   I must have my shoes repaired. (Trebuie să-mi repar pantofii)   We had our car stolen last week. (Ni s-a furat maşina săptămâna trecută)   Exerciţii:  1. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu forma corectă de prezent a verbului “to have”:               I ………..a book. He ……….a car. ……..you………a picture? She ……….not ……water. He………..a newspaper.       2. Completaţi următoarele propoziţii cu forma corectă de trecut a verbului “to have”: I ………..a book. He ……….a car. ……..you………a picture? She ……….not ……water. He………..a newspaper.    

Subject Pronoun D/Ac Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun I me Myhouse It’s mine You you Yourhouse It’s yours He him Hishouse It’s his She her Herhouse It’s hers It it Its house It’s its We us Ourhouse It’s ours You you Yourhouse It’s yours They them Theirhouse It’s theirs   Prepositions (II) near=next to=beside I am sitting next to you. I am sitting beside you.   behind=at the back of =in spatele Tha garage is behind the house. The garage is at the back of the house   in front of The garden is in front of the house.   ahead of We had many cars ahead of us. She has a wonderful career ahead of her.   along He is walking along the road.     along with I am studying history along with geography.   together with I am together with my friends. The bear is together with its cubs. – Ursul este impreuna cu puii sai.   with I am staying with my parents at a nice hotel.   without I can’t do without your help.   over/above The picture is over the fireplace. The sky is above us.   under/below/beneath The cat is under the table. There are 3 degrees C below zero. The fish is swimming beneath the water.   for The present is for my sister. I have known her for2 years.   from Where are you from? I am from London.   About They are talking about the weather. He will arrive atabout 8 o’clock.   around We have a beautiful garden around the house. He will arrive around8 o’clock.   To listen to I am listening to music. I am listening to the news on the radio. They are listening to their teacher. What are you listening to? Who are they listening to? To wait for (sb./sth) He is waiting for the bus. She is waiting for her friends. What is he waiting for? Who is she waiting for? To look at I am looking at the pictures. What are you looking at? To look for He is looking for his glasses. What is he looking for? To look after (to take care of) My mother is looking after my children. Who is looking after your children? To speak about The teacher is speaking about the environment. What is the teacher speaking about? To speak to The teacher is speaking to the students. Who is the teacher speaking to? To talk about They are talking about next week’s party. What are they talking about? To talk to My mother is talking to her friend. Who is your mother talking to? To complain about They are complaining about the weather. What are they complaining about? To worry about She is worried about her health. What is she worried about? To think of/about I am thinking of my friends. I am thinking about my holiday. Who are you thinking of? What are you thinking about? SOME, ANY, NO Af. There are some books on the table./Sunt niste carti pe masa. Some– se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Are there any books on the table?/Sunt (se afla) niste carti pe masa? any– se foloseste pt. interogativ si negativ Neg. There aren’t any books on the table./Nu sunt (niste) carti pe masa There are no books on the table./Nu sunt (niste) carti pe masa no– se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se mai pune « not » ) *You can take any book you want/Poti lua orice carte vrei. any folosit afirmativ inseamna “orice” * Can I have some milk, please?/Imi dati va rog, niste lapte? some- se foloseste la interogativ pt. o rugaminte politicoasa (este de fapt o falsa intrebare) SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING Af. There is something on the table./Este (se afla) ceva pe masa . Something– se foloseste pt. afirmativ Int. Is there anything on the table?/Este (se afla) ceva pe masa? anything- se foloseste pt. interogativ si negativ Neg. There isn’t anything on the table./Nu este (nu se afla) nimic pe masa. There is nothing on the table./Nu este (nu se afla) nimic pe masa. nothing– se foloseste pt. negativ (nu se mai pune « not » ) *You can take anything you want/Poti lua orice carte vrei. anything folosita afirmativ inseamna “orice”

Expresii: Can I have a cup of coffee, please?/imi dati o ceasca de cafea, va rog? Can I have a ham sandwich, please?/imi dati un sendvis cu sunca, va rog? Can I have….? modul in care ceri ceva Would you like…….?modul in care oferi ceva Would you like a cup of coffee? Ati dori o ceasca de cafea? Would you like a ham sandwich? Ati dori un sandvis cu sunca? 2.MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea) May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra? May I leave now? Pot pleca acum? to leave –left-left = a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa [mei] – [mait] May = forma pentru prezent You may be right = Se poate sa ai dreptate Might = forma numai pt. conditional (nu si pentru trecut) You might be right = s-ar putea sa ai dreptate I may leave now.      Eu pot pleca acum (am permisiunea de a pleca) Affirmative I may leave now. Eu pot pleca acum You may open the window. Tu poti deschide fereastra. He may close the door. El poate inchide usa. She may leave earlier today. Ea poate pleca mai devreme azi. We may open the shop earlier. Noi putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. You may turn on the computer. Tu poti aprinde calcuatorul. They may turn off the TV. Ei pot stinge televizorul   Negative I may not leave now. Eu nu pot pleca acum You may not open the window. Tu nu poti deschide fereastra. He may not close the door. El nu poate inchide usa. She may not leave earlier today. Ea nu poate pleca mai devreme azi. We may not open the shop earlier. Noi nu putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. You may not turn on the computer. Tu nu poti aprinde calcuatorul. They may not turn off the TV. Ei nu pot stinge televizorul   Interrogative May I leave now?   May you open the window?   May he close the door?   May she leave earlier today?   may we open the shop earlier?   May you turn on the computer?   may they turn off the TV?     Observatii: may = can (aici) 1) May I open the window? formal (mult mai politicos si protocolar)     Can I open the window? informal (folosit in vorbirea obisnuita) 2) May diferit de can I can leave now = eu pot pleca (sunt capabil) I may leave now = eu pot pleca (am permisiunea) 3) could = forma de trecut+conditional     might = numai forma de conditional

MUST = TO HAVE TO (trebuie – exprima obligatia) Afirmative I must work hard to pass this exam./Trebuie sa muncesc mult pentru a lua acest examen. (obligatie interna; asa consider eu ca trebuie sa fac) I have towear a uniformat school/Trebuie sa port uniforma la scoala (obligatie externa; imi este impus) Interrogative Must I workhard to pass this exam ? Do you have to weara uniform at school? Negative(la negative isi schimba sensul)   Must – exprima interdictie You must notpark your car here/You mustn’t [masnt] park your car here. (Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici) You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here. (Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici).   Do not have – exprima lipsa obligatiei You do not have to come with me. I can manage on my own./You don’t have to come with me, I can manage on my own. on my own = singur, pe cont propriu to manage = a conduce, a reusi, a se descurca (Nu este nevoie, nu este necesar sa vii cu mine, ma pot descurca singur))   *to have to – formeaza interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului do/does, fiind de fapt un inlocuitor al verbului modal “must”   Affirmative- present tense Internal obligation External obligation I must leave now. I have to wear a uniform at school. You must talk to him. You have to send emails in your job. He must wash his car. He has to work indoors. She must be at home early. She has to work outdoors. We must be at the airport in time. We have to pay for this course. You must be at the office early. You have to leave on Monday. They must phone their parents. They have to open the shop early.   indoors = inside (inauntru) outdoors = outside (in afara)   Interrogative – present tense Internal obligation External obligation MustI leave now? Do I have to wear a uniform at school? Must you talk to him? Do you have to send emails in your job? Must he wash his car? Does he have to work indoors? Must she be at home early? Does she have to workoutdoors? Must we be at the airport in time? Do we have to pay for this course? Must you be at the office early? Do you have to leave on Monday? Must they phone their parents? Do they have to open the shop early?   Negative – Present Tense I must not park my car here. I mustn’t park my car here. I do not have to pay for this course. I don’t have to pay for this course. You must not smoke here. You mustn’t smoke here. You do not have to come with me. You don’t have to come with me. He must not enter this room. He mustn’t enter this room. He does not have to leave now. He doesn’t have to leave now. She must not enter the office. She mustn’t enter the office. She does not have to leave the office. She doesn’t have to leave the office. We must not leave the building. We mustn’t leave the building We do not have to leave the building. We don’t have to leave the building You must not go there. You mustn’t go there. You do not have to go there. You don’t have to go there. They mustn’t use the phone. They must not use the phone. They do not have to use the phone. They don’t have to use the phone.   to use = a folosi building[bilding] = cladire to build[bild]-built[bilt]-built[bilt] = a construi

Affirmative – Past Tense I had to leave then. I had to wear a uniform at school. You had to talk to him last night. You had to send emails in your job. He had to wash his car yesterday. He had to work indoors. She had to be at home early yesterday. She had to work outdoors. We had to be at the airport in time last week. We had to pay for this course. You had to be at the office early yesterday. You had to leave on Monday. They had to phone their parents. They had to open the shop early.    Interrogative –Past Tense Did I have to leave then? Did I have to wear a uniform at school? Did you have to talk to him last night? Did you have to send emails in your job? Did he have to wash his car yesterday? Did he have to work indoors? Did she have to be at home early yesterday? Did she have to work outdoors? Did we have to be at the airport in time last week? Did we have to pay for this course? Did you have to be at the office early yesterday? Did you have to leave on Monday? Did they have to phone their parents? Did they have to open the shop early?   Observatii: to have/have got/to have to 1.to have = have got (a avea) a)She has a big house.     She has got a big house. b) I havea lot of books.     I have got a lot of books. c) You havea nice room.         You have got a nice room. d)  He hasa CD player.       He has got a CD player. e)  We havea computer.       We have got a computer. f)   They havea big garden       They have got a big garden.   to have to + verb (trebuie sa) I have to work hard. You have to leave now. He has to phone his boss. She has to wear a uniform. We have to learn English. You have to talk to them. They have to write a lot of emails.

Should = ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)– [şud] Affirmative I should take a rest today. Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi. You should visit your parents more often. Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des. He should leave right now. El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum. She should be more polite. Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa. We should meet our friends more often. Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des. You should talk to your sister. Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta. They should spend their holiday abroad. Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate.   to take a rest/to have a rest = a se odihni right now = chiar acum polite[pălait] = politicos abroad [ă’bro:d] = in strainatate Interrogative Should I take a rest today? Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi? Should you visit your parents more often? Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des? Should heleave right now? El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum? Should she be more polite? Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa? Should we meet our friends more often? Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des? Should you talk to your sister? Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta? Should they pend their holiday abroad? Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate?     I should not take a rest today. I shouldn’t take a rest today. You should not visit your parents more often. You shouldn’t visit your parents more often. He should not leave right now. He shouldn’t leave right now. She should not be more polite. She shouldn’t be more polite. We should not meet our friends more often. We shouldn’t meet our friends more often. You should not talk to your sister. You shouldn’t not talk to your sister. They should not spend their holiday abroad. They shouldn’t not spend their holiday abroad.  

COLOURS – IDIOMS White White collars/blue collars/pink collars Red My account is in the red. – Contul meu este gol. To see red – a vedea rosu The red carpet – covorul rosu To be caught red-handed Like a red rag to a bull- ca o carpa rosie pt un taur   Black My account is in the black. – Contul meu este plin.   Blue Out of the blue Once in a blue moon   Green To be green To have green fingers-  a fi f. priceput To be green with envy-  a fi verde de invidie How green are you? – Cat de verde esti ?( Cat de ecologist esti?)

DICTIONARY / DICTIONAR A ABSENCE makes the heart grow fonder. Ochii care se vãd rar se iubesc. Mai rãrut, mai drãgut. ABSENCE sharpens love, presence strengthens it. Celor ce duc mai mult dorul, le pare mai dulce odorul. Long ABSENT, soon forgotten. Prin depãrtare dragostea se uitã. Cf. Out of SIGHT, out of mind. The ABSENT are always in the wrong. Cei ce lipsesc nu capãtã dreptate. Sim. He is neither absent without fault, nor present without excuse. ABUNDANCE, like want, ruins many. Bogãtia stricã pe om. Out of the ABUNDANCE of the heart the mouth speaketh. Din prisosul inimii grãieste gura. Var. Out of the fullness of the heart the mouth speaks. Cf. What the HEART thinks, the tongue speaks. * Matthew 12, 34 / Matei 12, 34 * Luke 6, 45 / Luca 6, 45 There is no good ACCORD where every man would be a lord. Vai de casa cu multi stãpâni. Cf. Where every man is MASTER the world goes to wreck. There is no ACCOUNTING for tastes. Gustul disputã n-are. Sim. Everyone as they like best / Tastes differ. Cf. Every man to his TASTE. ACORNS were good till bread was found. Bunã si mãmãliga, când ne lipseste pâinea. Bunã-i plãcinta, dar dacã nu-i, e bunã si pita. Dacã nu e colac e bunã si pâinea. Sim. If you have not a capon, feed on onion / They that have no other meat, bread and butter are glad to eat / Better a mouse (louse) in the pot than no flesh at all. ACTIONS speak louder than words.  Faptele grãiesc mai apãsat decât vorbele. Cf. DEEDS, not words. When ADAM delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? Dacã ar fi fost toti bogati, cine ar fi sãpat ogoarele? If the ADDER could hear, and the blindworm could see, neither man nor beast would ever go free. Sã te fereascã Dumnezeu când o face râma ochi, cã-i mai rea decât sarpele. Când ar fi dupã corbi, toti caii ar fi morti. Much ADO about nothing. Mult zgomot pentru nimic. Sim. Much cry and little wool. ADVERSITY makes a man wise, not rich. Cine pãgubeste se întelepteste. Cf. EXPERIENCE is the mother of knowledge / EXPERIENCE is the best teacher / An ounce of PRACTICE is worth a pound of precept. A woman’s ADVICE is no great thing, but he who won’t take it is a fool. Bine este sã asculti si sfatul unei neveste. If you wish good ADVICE, consult an old man. Cine are bãtrân sã-l vândã si cine n-are sã-l cumpere. Cf. If the old DOG barks, he gives counsel. When a thing is done, ADVICE comes too late. Sfatul dupã faptã e manta dupã ploaie. Cf. When the HOUSE is burned down, you bring water / It is too late to shut the STABLE -DOOR after the horse has bolted / It is easy to be WISE after the event. For AGE and want save while you may: no morning sun lasts a whole day.  Cine adunã la tinerete are la bãtrânete. Sim. Keep something for him that rides on the white horse / Spare when you’re young and spend when you’re old. Cf. Make ample PROVISION for old age / Keep SOMETHING for a rainy day. Old AGE is sickness of itself. Nici o boalã nu-i mai grea ca boala bãtrânetelor. Bãtrânetele nu vin singure, ci cu multe nevoi. Sim. An old man is a bed full of bones. A lean AGREEMENT is better than a fat judgement. Mai bine o pace (învoialã) strâmbã decât o judecatã dreaptã. Ill AIR slays sooner than the sword. Aerul spurcat viata ti-o moleseste; departe de el. ALMOST and very (well) nigh saves many a lie. Când adevãrul lipseste, “asa mi se pare” s-apropie de adevãr. Cf. “They say so” is half a LIE. ALMS never make poor. Cel ce dã de milã nu sãrãceste. * Proverbs 28, 28 / Pilde 28, 28 When thou doest ALMS, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth. Sã nu stie mâna stângã ce face (dã) dreapta. * Matthew 6, 3 / Matei 6, 3 It is not good that the man should be ALONE.  Nu este bine sã fie omul singur. Cf. A MAN without a wife is but half a man. * Genesis 2, 18 / Facerea 2, 18 Woe to him that is ALONE. Vai de cel ce merge singur! cã, când va aluneca, n-are cine-l ridica. He that serves at the ALTAR ought to live by the altar. Cine slujeste altarului din altar mãnâncã. Lucrãtorul mãnâncã de unde lucreazã. He that doth AMISS may do well. Cine sparge sticlele, le plãteste. Men are not ANGELS. Om sfânt nu se poate. Nu-i nime sfânt pe pãmânt. Nimeni nu e usã de bisericã. Cf. Every MAN has his faults. ANGER cannot stand without a strong hand. Dacã n-ai putere, nu întãrâta gâlceava. Dacã nu ai putere, ce mai atîti sfada? Sim. If you cannot bite, never show your teeth. ANGER is a short madness.  Omul la mânie cade-n nebunie. He that is ANGRY is seldom at ease. Nemultumitul trãieste nefericit. He that is ANGRY without a cause shall be pleased without amends. În care cãmasã s-a mâniat într-aceea s-a desmânia. A soft ANSWER turneth away wrath. Rãspunsul blând înlãturã mânia. Un rãspuns blând domoleste mânia. Cf. Good WORDS cool more than cold water.  * Proverbs 15, 1 / Pilde 15, 1 The ANVIL fears no blows. Nicovanul fricã n-are de ciocan. When you are an ANVIL, hold you still; when you are a hammer, strike your fill. Nicovanul mult rabdã pânã este nicovan; dupã ce ajunge ciocan bate fãrã milã. Pânã când esti nicovalã rabdã loviturile, iar când esti ciocan loveste cât poti. Cât esti nicovalã suferã, cât esti ciocan loveste. An APE’s an ape, a varlet’s a varlet, though they be clad in silk or scarlet. Maimuta în aur si purpurã tot maimutã rãmâne. Cf. An ASS is but an ass, though laden with gold. APPEARANCES are deceptive. Aparentele însalã. Var. Appearances are deceiving. Never judge from APPEARANCES.  Adeseori te înseli dacã te iei dupã coaja copacului. Nu judecati dupã înfãtisare. Cf. Under a ragged COAT lies wisdom. * John 7, 24 / Ioan 7, 24 APPETITE comes with eating. Pofta vine mâncând. Sim. Eating and scratching wants but a beginning. An APPLE never falls far from the tree. Mãrul nu cade departe de pom. Cf. A CHIP off the old block. The rotten APPLE injures its neighbours. Mãrul putred stricã si pe cele bune. Un mãr putred stricã o grãmadã de mere frumoase. Sodom APPLES outwardly fair, ashes at the core. Merele frumoase pot fi si viermãnoase. APRIL rains for men; May, for beasts. Ploaia din mai face mãlai. Dacã nu plouã în mai, nu se mãnâncã mãlai. Var. April rains for corn; May, for grass / A dry March, wet April and cool May, fill barn and cellar and bring much hay. Every man is the ARCHITECT of his own fortune. Norocu-i dupã cum si-l face omul. An ARMY of stags led by a lion would be more formidable than one of lions led by a stag. Mai bine oaste de cerbi si comandirul lor un leu, decât oaste de lei si comandirul lor un cerb. An ARROW shot upright falls on the shooter’s head. Cel care aruncã piatrã în sus, peste capul sãu o aruncã. Sim. Evil that comes out of thy mouth flieth into thy bosom. Cf. Who SPITS against the wind, it falls in his face. * Ecclesiasticus 27, 25 / Sirah 27, 25 ART has no enemy but ignorance. Învãtãtura datã rãu se sparge în capul tãu. Sim. Science has no enemy but the ignorant. ART improves nature. De multe ori ce este scãzut în fire, mestesugul cum se cade plineste. Cf. NURTURE passes nature. ART is long and life is short. Omul moare de bãtrân si tot nu le învatã pe toate. He who has an ART has everywhere a part. Ai carte, ai parte. Ai carte, ai parte; n-ai carte, n-ai parte. Cine are carte are si parte. Var. Who has a trade, has a share everywhere. ASK, and it shall be given you. Cereti si vi se va da. * Matthew 7, 7 / Matei 7, 7 He that cannot ASK cannot live. Omul cu rusine piere, nimeni nu-i dã pân nu cere. Nothing is lost for ASKING. Întrebarea moarte n-are. Cine întreabã de douã ori nu greseste niciodatã. An ASS endures his burden, but not more than his burden. Pe mãgar sã-l încarci dupã a lui putere, dacã nu vrei sã te încarci tu în locul lui. Încarcã-ti dobitocul pânã unde e sorocul. Sim. It is not the burden, but the overburden that kills the beast. Cf. Take no more on you than you’re able to BEAR. An ASS in a lion’s skin. Ca mãgarul îmbrãcat în piele de leu. An ASS is but an ass, though laden with gold. Cât de mult sã împodobesti cu aur si cu argint pe cel mai frumos mãgar, tot mãgar se socoteste. Cf. An APE’s an ape, a varlet’s a varlet, though they be clad in silk or scarlet. An ASS must be tied where the master will have him. Leagã calul unde zice stapânul, mãcar lupul sã-l mãnânce. Better ride on an ASS that carries me than a horse that throws me. Mai bine un mãgar care te poartã decât un cal care te trânteste. Did you ever hear an ASS play on a harp? Ce stie mãgarul ce e cântarea privighetoarei. Ce are de a face scripca si cu iepurele. Sim. A sow to a fiddle. He that cannot beat the ASS beats the saddle. Bate samarul sã priceapã mãgarul. Bate saua sã priceapã iapa. Var. He that cannot beat the horse beats the saddle. If an ASS goes a-travelling, he’ll not come home a horse. Mãgar s-a dus, mãgar s-a întors. S-a dus bou si s-a întors vacã. Var. Never went out ass and came home horse. Sim. He that sends a fool expects one / Send a fool to the market (far, to France) and a fool he will return again / How much the fool who goes to Rome excels the fool who stays at home. One ASS scrubs another. Mãgar pe mãgar se scarpinã. Vacã pe vacã se linge si porc pe porc se scarpinã. The ASS loaded with gold still eats thistles. La fân mai mult decât la aur pofteste mãgarul. Mãgarul duce vinul si bea apã. ‘Tis a sorry ASS that will not bear his own burden. Oaia care nu poate sã-si tie lâna trebuie tãiatã. When all men say you are an ASS, it is time to bray. Dacã toatã lumea zice cã esti beat, culcã-te. Când trei spun cã esti beat, du-te de te culcã. Sim. If one, or three tell you, you are an ass, put on a bridle (tail) / What everybody says must be true. When an ASS kicks you, never tell it. Mãgarul când te loveste sã fugi si sã-i multumesti, cã mai câstigat esti. You go to an ASS for wool. A cere lânã de la broascã. Sim. Look not for musk in a dog’s kennel. He that washes an ASS’s head loses both his lye (soap) and his labour. Cine spalã capul mãgarului în zadar pierde osteneala si sãpunul. If my AUNT had been a man, she’d have been my uncle. De-ar avea si baba ca oamenii barbã, atunci i-ar zice “ce mai mos de treabã”.   B 1. BACCHUS hath drowned more men than Neptune. Mai multi se îneacã în bãuturã decât în apã. He would fall on his BACK and break his nose. Cade pe spate si-si frânge nasul. Sim. An unfortunate man would be drowned in a tea-cup. Nothing so BAD but it might have been worse. Rãu cu rãu, dar mai rãu fãrã rãu. Nothing so BAD in which there is not something of good. La tot rãul este si un bine. Var. Nothing but is good for something. Sim. No great loss but some small profit . Cf. ILL LUCK is good for something. As you BAKE, so shall you eat. Cum îti vei gãti, asa vei prânzi. Var. As they brew, so let them bake. Cf. As you make your BED, so you must lie on it / As they BREW, so let them drink Make not a BALK of good ground. Nu da binelui cu piciorul, cã pe urmã o sã-i duci dorul. A BARBER learns to shave by shaving fools. Bãrbierul învatã meseria pe capul prostilor. BE what you would seem to be. Cum ti-e chipul te poartã. Ori te poartã cum ti-e vorba, ori vorbeste cum ti-e portul. Var. Be what you seem, and seem what you are. BEADS about the neck and the devil in the heart. Unde vezi mãtãnii multe, departe, sã nu te muste. Var. The beads in the hand and the devil in capuch. Cf. The CROSS on his breast and the devil in his heart. A BEAN in liberty is better than a comfit in prison. Pasãrea în colivie nu se bucurã, si de e vie. Sim. Liberty is more worth than gold / Lean liberty is better than fat slavery. BEAR and forbear. Rabdã suflete cât poti, nu-ti da taina cãtre toti. Rabdã inimã si taci, cã n-ai alta ce sã faci. Call the BEAR ‘uncle’ till you are safe across the bridge. Fã-te frate cu dracu pânã treci puntea. Sai si în spatele dracului pânã vei trece gârla. Sim. Once on shore, we pray no more./ The river past and God forgotten. Cf. The DANGER past and God forgotten. Don’t sell the BEAR’s skin before you have caught him. Nu vinde pielea ursului înainte de a-l ucide. Nu vinde pielea ursului din pãdure. Ursu-i în pãdure si-i vinde pielea în târg. Sim. Count not four, except you have them in the wallet / Do not halloo till you are out of the wood / Never fry fish till it’s caught. Cf. Don’t cross the BRIDGE till you come to it / Do not count your CHICKENS before they are hatched / It is not good praising a FORD till a man be over. Take no more on you than you’re able to BEAR. Povarã mai grea decât spinarea ta sã nu ridici, ca sã nu te poticnesti. Cf. An ASS endures his burden, but not more than his burden. If the BEARD were all, the goat might preach. Barbã lungã si capra are, dar minte nicicum nu are. Cf. The BRAINS don’t lie in the beard. It is not the BEARD that makes the philosopher. Nu barba îl face pe filozof, filozof. BEAUTY carries its dower in its face. Fata frumoasã se mãritã fãrã zestre. Totdeauna fetisoara mãritã pe fetisoara. Sim. A fair face is half a portion. BEAUTY fades like a flower. Frumusetea la om ca floarea la pom. Sim. Beauty is but a blossom. As you make your BED, so you must lie on it. Cum îti vei face patul, asa vei dormi. Cum îti vei asterne, asa vei dormi. Sim. As they brew, so let them bake. Cf. As you BAKE, so shall you eat / As they BREW, so let them drink. Better go to BED supperless than to rise in debt. Cine se culcã flãmând se scoalã fãrã datorii. Early to BED and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Scoalã-te de dimineatã, dacã vrei sã-ti lungesti viata. Who goes to BED supperless, all night tumbles and tosses. Cine se culcã nemâncat codri viseazã. Flãmândul codri viseazã. BEES that have honey in their mouths have stings in their tails. Albina în gurã tine mierea cea mai dulce, si în coadã acul cel mai otrãvitor. Better BEG than steal. Mai bine sã ceri decât sã furi. The BEGGAR may sing before the thief. Sãracul nu se teme de tâlhari. Cel gol trebuintã n-are d-a-si pãzi hainele sale. Sim. A beggar can never be bankrupt. Cf. No NAKED man is sought after to be rifled. A BEGGAR’s purse is bottomless. Sacul cersetorului n-are fund. Var. A beggar’s purse is always empty / A beggar’s scrip is never filled. Better never to BEGIN than never to make an end. Când te apuci de vreo treabã n-o lãsa fãrã ispravã. Cine nu poate sãvârsi un lucru, sã nu se apuce de dânsul. Sim. Let him that beginneth the song make an end. Good to BEGIN well, better to end well. Începutul fie cum o fi, sfârsitul sã fie bun. A bad BEGINNING, a bad ending. A faptelor rele începãturã spre rãu sfârsit pleacã. A good BEGINNING makes a good ending. Care începe bine sfârseste frumos. Every BEGINNING is hard. Tot începutul e greu. Var. All beginnings are hard (difficult). Cf. It is the first STEP that is difficult. Well BEGUN is half done. Lucrul bine început e pe jumãtate fãcut. Treaba bine începutã e pe jumãtate terminatã. Sim. The first blow is half the battle. BELIEVE nothing of what you hear, and only half of what you see. Ascultã tot, dar nu crede tot. We soon BELIEVE what we desire. Cine ce pofteste lesne crede. Tot ce cu mare poftã iubim, acela cu mare lesnire credem. A cracked BELL can never sound well. Capul cel tâmpit odorogeste ca un butoi dogit. A BELLY full of gluttony will never study willingly. Stomacul plin nu-nvatã bucuros. Burta plinã nu învatã bine. Sim. Fat paunches have lean pates. Better BELLY burst than good meat lost. Decât sã rãmâie brânza, mai bine sã crape rânza. He whose BELLY is full believes not him who is fasting. Sãtulul nu crede flãmândului. Cf. Little knows the FAT man (sow) what the lean does mean. His BELLY cries cupboard. Stomacul când chiorãieste la demâncare gândeste. The BELLY wants ears. Cel flãmând n-are urechi de ascultat. Stomacul (Pântecele) gol n-are urechi de ascultat. Var. Hungry bellies have no ears. A BELLYFUL is a bellyful, whether it be meat or drink. Pântecele se umple si cu paie si cu fân. Better BEND than break. Îndoaie-te ca trestia si vântul nu te va rupe. Cf. All that SHAKES falls not. A good BESTILL is worth a groat. Vorba multã, sãrãcia omului. If BETTER were within, better would come out. Din omul bun, bun lucru iese. The BETTER-natured, the sooner undone. Cel mai bun, mai prost. A BIRD in the hand is worth two in the bush. Mai bine vrabia în mânã decât cioara-n par. Nu da vrabia din mânã pe cioara din par. Mai bine o pasãre în colivie decât zece pe gard. Mai bine una si-n colivie decât în vânt o mie. Sim. A feather in hand is better than a bird in the air / Better a fowl in hand nor two flying. Each BIRD loves to hear himself sing. Fiecare pasãre pe limba ei piere. It is an ill BIRD that fouls its own nest. Urâtã pasãre este aceea care îsi spurcã cuibul sãu. Such BIRD, such egg. Rodul dupã sãmântã, ca oul dupã pasãre. Sim. An evil crow, an evil egg / Like crow, like egg. The BIRD is known by his note. Pasãrea dupã glas se cunoaste. Cf. The BIRD is known by his note, the man by his words. The BIRD is known by his note, the man by his words. Pasãrea dupã ce se cunoaste? Dupã cântec. Mojicul dupã ce se cunoaste? Dupã vorbã. Omul dupã grai, ca clopotul dupã sunet, îndatã se cunoaste. Dupã glas cunosti pe om si pe dobitoc. Cf. The BIRD is known by his note. The BIRD loves her nest. Fiecare pasãre îsi iubeste cuibul. Var. Every bird likes his own nest best. The early BIRD catches the worm. Cine se scoalã de dimineatã departe ajunge. Cine pleacã mai de dimineatã ajunge mai-nainte. Thou art a bitter BIRD, said the raven to the starling. Râde dracul de porumbel si nu se vede pe el. Râde dracul de porumbe negre si pe sine nu se vede. Sim. The kettle calls the pot black-brows (burnt-arse) / The pot calls the kettle black. Cf. The FRYING-PAN said to the kettle, “Avaunt, black brows!” / The KETTLE calls the pot black-brows (burnt-arse). BIRDS of a feather flock together. Cioarã lângã cioarã zboarã. Cioara lângã cioarã trage, alte pãsãri nu-i sunt drage. Cine se potriveste, lesne se-nsoteste. Sim. Likeness causes liking. Cf. LIKE will to like. * Ecclesiasticus 27, 9 / Sirah 27, 9 There are no BIRDS of this year in last year’s nests. Tot un cuc nu ne cântã în toatã vremea. Nu mai bate vântul care bãtea. Great BIRTH is a very poor dish at table. E de neam mare, dar crescut în sãrãcie. Take the BIT and the buffet with it. Cine-ncalecã mãgarul sã-i sufere nãravul. The hasty BITCH brings forth blind whelps. Cãteaua de pripã îsi naste cãteii fãrã ochi. Cf. HASTE makes waste / Too HASTY burned his lips. BLAB is wist and out it must. Ce-i în gusã, si-n cãpusã. He that is a BLAB is a scab. Gurã spartã, râie curatã. Two BLACKS do not make a white. Înnegrind pe altul nu te albesti pe tine. A BLIND man may sometimes hit the mark. Si gãina oarbã nimereste câte un grãunt. Si o gãinã chioarã scurmând gãseste câteodatã mãrgãritare. Sim. A blind man may perchance catch the hare (crow). A BLIND man will not thank you for a looking-glass. Ce foloseste orbului fata frumoasã? Var. A blind man has no need of a looking-glass. BLIND men should judge no colours. Nu orbul ci cel cu ochi gândeascã de vopsele. If the BLIND lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. Orbul pe orb povãtuind cad amândoi în groapã (mormânt). * Matthew 15, 14 / Matei 15, 14 Men are BLIND in their own cause. Omul poate povãtui pe altul, dar pe sine niciodatã. There’s none so BLIND as those who will not see. Nu e mai orb decât cel ce nu vrea sã vadã. Var. None so blind as those who won’t see. BLOOD is thicker than water. Sângele apã nu se face. Var. Blood is not water. You cannot get BLOOD from a stone. A scoate apã (lapte) din piatrã. Var. You cannot get milk (water) from a stone. Great BOAST and small roast makes unsavoury mouths. Fudulia intrã-n casã, sãrãcia dupã usã. Cioarã mândrã si flãmândã. A little BODY often harbours a great soul. Mic la stat, mare la sfat. Si pitulicea este micã, dar printre pãsãri e voinicã. If you love the BOLL, you cannot hate branches. Pentru fragã si frunza ti-e dragã. The nearer the BONE, the sweeter the flesh. Carnea de lângã os e cea mai dulce. What is bred in the BONE will not out of the flesh. Nãravul din fire n-are lecuire. Nãravu-nrãdãcinat nu poate fi vindecat. Sim. Though you cast out nature with a fork, it will still return. As soon as a man is BORN he begins to die. Omu-i cu moartea dupã cap. Sim. It is as natural to die as to be born / Our lives are but our marches to the grave. Cf. He that is once BORN, once must die. He that is once BORN, once must die. Cine vede nasterea vede si moartea. Ce naste moare. Sim. It is as natural to die as to be born / Our lives are but our marches to the grave. Cf. As soon as a man is BORN he begins to die / All that LIVES must die / All MEN are mortal. The BORROWER is servant to the lender. Cel ce împrumutã este slujitor celui de la care se împrumutã. * Proverbs 22, 7 / Pilde 22, 7 He that goes a-BORROWING, goes a-sorrowing. Fã împrumuturi si te gãteste de supãrãri. Datoria e plinã de griji. Cut not the BOUGH that thou standest upon. A-si tãia singur craca de sub picioare. Var. Don’t cut the bough you are standing on. A BOW long bent at last waxes weak. Nu întinde coarda pre mult, cã se rupe. Coarda mereu întinsã se rupe. BOYS will be boys. Copilul trebuie sã fie copil. Great BRAGGERS, little doers. Gurã multã, treabã putinã. Var. They brag most that can do least. Sim. Much bruit and little fruit / Great boast and little roast / Much cry and little wool. Cf. The greatest TALKERS are the least doers / A long TONGUE is a sign of a short hand. The BRAINS don’t lie in the beard. Plini de barbã si goi de minte. Barbã mare, minte n-are. Cf. If the BEARD were all, the goat might preach. The BRAYING of an ass does not reach heaven. Glasul mãgarului nu se aude-n cer. Lãtrãtura câinelui si zbierãtura mãgarului nu se aud în cer. Cf. The PRAYERS of the wicked won’t prevail. Dry BREAD at home is better than roast meat abroad. Fie pâinea cât de rea tot mai bunã în tara mea. Fie pâinea cât de bunã nu-i bunã-n tarã strãinã. Decât în tarã strãinã, cu pitã si cu slãninã, mai bine în satul tãu, cu mãlaiu cât de rãu. Dry BREAD is better with love than a fat capon with fear. Mai bine pâine neagrã cu dragoste curatã decât albã ca zãpada si plinã de sudalmã. Mai bine varzã acrã cu-nvoialã decât zahãr dulce cu cârtealã. Decât mãmãligã cu unt si sã mã uit în pãmânt, mai bine pâine cu sare si sã mã uit la soare. Sim. Better an egg in peace than an ox in war. Eaten BREAD is soon forgotten. Ceea ce s-a mâncat s-a si uitat. Sim. When good cheer is lacking, our friends will be packing. Man cannot live by BREAD alone. Nu numai cu pâine va trãi omul. * Matthew 4, 4 / Matei 4, 4 * Luke 4, 4 / Luca 4, 4 * Deuteronomy 8, 3 / Deuteronomul 8, 3 Keep (Save) your BREATH to cool your broth (porridge). Nu te bãga unde nu-ti fierbe oala. One man’s BREATH another’s death. Moartea unora este viata altora. Sim. One man’s loss is another man’s gain. As they BREW, so let them drink. Cine face gãlusca trebuie s-o si-nghitã. Precum faci, asa tragi. Capul face, capul trage. Cum dumicasi, asa mâncasi. Sim. As they brew, so let them bake. Cf. As you BAKE, so shall you eat / As you make your BED, so you must lie on it. It is meet that a man be at his own BRIDAL. Cine nu se aflã la nunta-i acasã atunci altu-n locu-i joacã cu mireasa. Don’t cross the BRIDGE till you come to it. Nu ridica poalele înainte de a ajunge la gârlã. Pânã ajungi la pârâu nu-ti ridica poalele. Sim. Count not four, except you have them in the wallet / Do not halloo till you are out of the wood / Never fry fish till it’s caught. Cf. Don’t sell the BEAR’s skin before you have caught him / Do not count your CHICKENS before they are hatched / It is not good praising a FORD till a man be over. A new BROOM sweeps clean. Mãtura nouã mãturã bine. Var. New brooms sweep clean. Good BROTH may be made in an old pot. Gãina bãtrânã face ciorba (zeama) bunã. Between two BROTHERS two witness and a notary. Fratele îti scoate ochii. BUILDING and marrying of children are great wasters. Cine si-a mãritat fata si-si clãdeste o casã cunoaste greutãtile vietii. Sim. Building is a sweet impoverishing. He who BUILDS by the roadside has many masters. Cine pe lângã drum zideste multi stãpâni dobândeste. Sim. A house built by the wayside is either too high or too low. He bellows like a BULL, but is as weak as a bulrush. Si broasca e micã, dar gurã mare face. Every man shall bear his own BURDEN. Fiecare îsi va purta sarcina sa. * Galatians 6, 5 / Galateni 6, 5 BUSH natural; more hair than wit. Coadã lungã, minte scurtã. Plete lungi si minte scurtã, judecatã mai mãruntã. Sim. Long hair and short wit. One beats the BUSH and another catches the birds. Unul umblã si strãbate si pe alt fericirea-l bate. Unul cascã gura si altul înghite. Sim. Little dogs start the hare, the great get her. Cf. The POOR man turns his cake and another comes and takes it away / One SOWS and another reaps. BUSINESS is business. Frate, frate, dar brânza-i pe bani. Sim. One hand will not wash the other for nothing. The BUTCHER looked for his knife and it was in his mouth. Cautã luleaua si el cu ea-n gurã. Cf. You look for the HORSE you ride on. They that have got good store of BUTTER may lay it thick on their bread. Cine are bea si mãnâncã, cine nu, stã si se uitã. Cine poate oase roade, cine nu nici carne moale. The BUYER needs a hundred eyes, the seller but one. Cine deschide ochii dupã ce cumpãrã, cumpãrã totdeauna marfã proastã. Cine nu deschide ochii deschide punga. Sim. Let the buyer beware.

C 1. CABBAGE twice cooked is death. Ciorba încãlzitã mult stricã la stomac. Ciorba încãlzitã nu-i bunã de mâncare. Sim. Take heed of reconciled enemies and of meat twice boiled. Cf. A broken FRIENDSHIP may be soldered, but will never be sound. Render unto CAESAR the things which are Caesar’s. Dati Cezarului cele ale Cezarului, iar lui Dumnezeu cele ale lui Dumnezeu. Sim. Every man should take his own. * Matthew 22, 21 / Matei. 22, 21 * Mark 12, 17 / Marcu 12, 17 * Luke 20, 25 / Luca 20, 25   You cannot have your CAKE and eat it. Nu poti fi si cu varza unsã si cu slãnina-n pod. Nu poti fi si cu pui si cu ouã si cu gãina grasã. Si cu porcul gras în bãtãturã si cu slãnina-n pod nu se poate. Si sãtul si cu punga plinã nu se poate.   It is easier for a CAMEL to go through the eye of a needle than it is for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven. Mai lesne este sã treacã cãmila prin urechile acului decât sã intre un bogat în împãrãtia lui Dumnezeu. * Matthew 19, 24 / Matei 19, 24 * Luke 18, 25 / Luca 18, 25 The CAMEL going to seek horns, lost his ears. Cãmila vrând sã dobândeascã coarne si-a pierdut urechile. Nemultumitului i se ia darul. A CANDLE lights others and consumes itself. Omul ca lumânarea, când lumineazã, atunci se sfârseste. It is sometimes good to hold a CANDLE to the devil. E bine a da si dracului o lumânare. Trebuie sã dai câteodatã o lumânare si dracului. Sim. Give the devil his due. When the CANDLES are out, all women are fair. Noaptea si hâdele-s frumoase. Toanta, la lumânare, pare floare. Where the CARCASE is, there shall the eagles be gathered together. Unde este stârvul, acolo se adunã ciorile. Unde-i stârvul mai mare, acolo se strâng toti vulturii. Var. Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the ravens be gathered together. * Matthew 24, 28 / Matei 24, 28 * Luke 17, 37 / Luca 17, 37 CARE and diligence bring luck. Sârguinta e muma norocului. Prin muncã si stãruintã vei ajunge la dorintã. A creaking CART goes long on the wheels. Carul care scârtîie acela tine mai mult. Sim. A creaking door hangs long on its hinges. Don’t put the CART before the horse. Nu pune carul înaintea boilor. The best CART may overthrow. Si cel mai bun cãrãus rãstoarnã carul pe cel mai bun drum. The CASK savours of the first fill. Tot vasu spre aceia miroase, spre ce sã bagã într-însul mai nainte. Sim. It is kindly that the poke savour of the herring. A blate CAT makes a proud mouse. Când ai pisicã bãtrânã, soarecii-n casã fac stânã. A CAT has nine lives. Are nouã suflete ca pisica. Femeia are nouã suflete, ca pisicile. A CAT in gloves catches no mice. Pisica cu papuci nu prinde soareci. Cu papuci în picioare nu prinde pisica soarecele. A scalded CAT fears cold water. Pisica opãritã fuge si de apã rece. Sim. Once bitten twice shy. Cf. A burnt CHILD dreads the fire / A scalded DOG fears cold water / He that has been bitten by a SERPENT is afraid of a rope / Whom a SERPENT has bitten, a lizard alarms. That that comes of a CAT will catch mice. Ce naste din pisicã soareci mãnâncã. Sim. Cat after kind, good mouse-hunt. Cf. He that comes of a HEN must scrape. The CAT is hungry when a crust contents her. Flãmândului si o bucatã de mãmãligã rece i se pare plãcintã. Sim. Hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings. The CAT would eat fish and would not wet her feet. Pisica dupã peste se prãpãdeste, dar nu si-ar uda labele sã-l prindã. When the CAT’s away, the mice will play. Când pisica nu-i acasã, soarecii joacã pe masã. All CATS are grey in the dark. Noaptea toatã vaca-i neagrã. Var. All cats are alike grey in the night. Without CERES and Bacchus, Venus grows cold. Dragoste chioarã pe rogojinã goalã. The CHAIN is no stronger than its weakest link. Dacã se rupe o verigã, tot lantul se desface. Cf. The THREAD breaks where it is weakest. Old CHAINS gall less than new. Obiceiul usureazã povara. The CHARITABLE give out at the door, and God puts in at the window. Aruncã binele tãu în dreapta si în stânga si la nevoie ai sã-l gãsesti. Binele ce-l faci la oarecine, ti-l întoarce vremea care vine. CHARITY begins at home. Milã mi-e de tine, dar de mine mi se rupe inima. Când casa ta are sete, nu vãrsa apa pe drumuri. Sim. Love your friend, but look to yourself / Every man is nearest himself. CHARITY covers a multitude of sins. Dragostea acoperã multime de pãcate. Dar din dar se face raiul. * 1 Peter 4, 8 / 1 Petru 4, 8 Who CHATTERS to you will chatter of you. Cine defaimã pe altul înaintea ta, el si pe tine o sã te defaime înaintea altuia. Cine înaintea noastrã grãieste pe altii de rãu, si pe noi înaintea altora ne va grãi de rãu. Those that eat CHERRIES with great persons shall have their eyes squirted out with the stones. Nu mânca cirese cu unul mai mare la masã cã-ti aruncã sâmburii în nas. Departe de cei mari, când cirese mãnâncã, cã toti sâmburii îi aruncã în obrazul tãu. Cu cei mari nu mânca cirese, nici nu te trage-n degete. Var. Eat peas with the king, and cherries with the beggar. Sim. Share not pears with your master, either in jest or in earnest. Take the CHESTNUTS out of the fire with the cat’s paw. A scoate castanele din foc cu mâna altuia. Sim. To take the nuts from the fire with the dog’s foot. Cf. It is good to strike the SERPENT’s head with your enemy’s hand. Do not count your CHICKENS before they are hatched. Toamna se numãrã bobocii. Sim. Never fry fish till it’s caught / / Count not four, except you have them in the wallet / Do not halloo till you are out of the wood. Cf. Don’t sell the BEAR’s skin before you have caught him / Don’t cross the BRIDGE till you come to it / It is not good praising a FORD till a man be over. A burnt CHILD dreads the fire. Cine s-a ars cu ciorbã suflã si în iaurt. Pe cine l-a ars pãsatul suflã si în apã rece. Sim. Once bitten twce shy. Cf. A scalded CAT fears cold water / A scalded DOG fears cold water / He that has been bitten by a SERPENT is afraid of a rope / Whom a SERPENT has bitten, a lizard alarms. A CHILD may have too much of his mother’s blessing. Copilul alintat e om stricat. Sim. Give a child till he craves, and a dog while his tail doth wave, and you’ll have a fair dog, but a foul knave. The CHILD says nothing, but what it heard by the fire. Astãzi copilul te vinde într-o lingurã de apã. Sim. What children hear at home, soon flies abroad. Better CHILDREN weep than old men. Mai bine sã plângã ei acum decât sã plâng eu mai târziu. Sim. The man who has not been flogged is not educated. Cf. Spare the ROD and spoil the child. CHILDREN and fools tell the truth. Copiii si nebunii spun adevãrul. Var. Children and fools cannot lie. Cf. DRUNKARDS and fools cannot lie. CHILDREN are poor men’s riches. Multimea copiilor, averea omului. CHILDREN when they are little make parents fools, when they are great they make them mad. Copii mici, griji mici, copii mari, griji mari. Var. Children when little make parents fool, when great, mad. A CHIP off the old block. Tandãra nu sare departe de trunchi. Aschia nu sare departe de pomul tãiat. Var. A chip of the old block. Cf. An APPLE never falls far from the tree / Like FATHER, like son / Like MOTHER, like daughter. CHRISTMAS comes but once a year. Nu întotdeauna e ziua de Pasti. Nu e întotdeauna vinerea mare. Cf. Every DAY is not Sunday. CHRISTMAS in mud, Easter in snow. Cine umblã la Crãciun în cãmase, la Pasti umblã cu cojoc. Var. Green Christmas brings white Easter. The nearer the CHURCH, the farther from God. Cu trupul în bisericã si cu gândul la dracu. Sim. He has one face to God and another to the devil. A piece of CHURCHYARD fits everybody. Pãmântul te naste, pãmântul te creste, pãmântul te mistuieste. Hasty CLIMBERS have sudden falls. Cine sare cam sus îndatã cade jos. Sim. The bigger they are, the harder they fall / The higher standing, the lower fall / The higher the mountain, the greater descent. No fine CLOTH can hide the clown. Porcu-i tot porc si-n ziua de Pasti. Every CLOUD has a silver lining. Nici un rãu fãrã bine. After black CLOUDS, clear weather. Dupã nori îi si senin, dupã dragoste si suspin. Dupã vreme rea, si senin. Cf. After a STORM comes a calm. Cut your COAT according to your cloth. Întinde petecul numai cât ajunge, cã se rupe. Sim. Stretch your arm no further than your sleeve will reach. Cf. Stretch your LEGS according to your coverlet. Do not look at the COAT, but at what is under the coat. Nu te uita la cojoc, ci te uitã la ce e sub cojoc. Nu te uita la haine, ci la ce este în haine. It is not the gay COAT that makes the gentleman. Haina nu face pe om (medic). Cf. The COWL does not make the monk. Near is my COAT, but nearer is my shirt. Cãmasa e mai aproape de piele decât haina. Cãmasa e mai aproape decât sumanul. Mai aproape-i cãmasa decât cojocul. Sim. Near is my doublet (kirtle, petticoat), but nearer is my smock. Cf. Near is my SHIRT, but nearer is my skin. The COAT makes the man. Haina face pe om. Dupã coajã se vede pomul, dupã hainã omul. Sim. Apparel makes the man / The garment makes the man / Fine feathers make fine birds / Dress up a stick and it does not appear to be a stick. Under a ragged COAT lies wisdom. Sub frunza cea mai proastã se gãseste poama coaptã. Cf. Never judge from APPEARANCES. Let the COBBLER stick to his last. Cizmarul pentru cizme numai rãspunde, iar nu si pentru nãdragi. Var. Let not the cobbler (shoemaker) go beyond his last. A COCK is bold on his own dunghill. Tot cocosul pe gunoiul lui cântã. Cocosul stãpân pe gunoiul sãu. Var. Every cock crows on his own dunghill. Sim. Every dog is a lion at home / Every dog is valiant at his own door. Cf. Every man is a KING in his own house. A ragged COLT may make a good horse. Dintr-o iapã tigãneascã iese un cal boieresc. Sim. Wanton kittens make sober cats. The COMFORTER’s head never aches. Durere strãinã sã-i fie de bine. COMMAND your man and do it yourself. Singur cine îsi gãteste, el mai cu poftã prânzeste. He is not fit to COMMAND others that cannot command himself. Cine nu se poate stãpâni pe sine, cum sã stãpâneascã pe altul? Sim. He that is master of himself will soon be master of others. He who COMMENCES many things finishes but few. Cine se apucã de multe, putine terminã. Când de multe de apuci, mai pe toate le încurci. Var. He who begins many things finishes but few. Sim. Overdoing is doing nothing to purpose. Evil COMMUNICATIONS corrupt good manners. Adunãrile cele rele stricã deprinderile cele bune. Exemplele rele stricã moravurile bune. * 1 Corinthians 15, 33 / 1 Corinteni 15, 33 There is no COMPANION like the penny. Prietenul omului este punga cu bani si sacul cu mãlai. Better be alone than in bad COMPANY. Mai bine singur în casã decât în rea adunare. Sim. Better to be beaten than be in bad company. Ill COMPANY brings many a man to the gallows. Cine are tovarãs nerod ajunge din pod în glod. CONFESS and be hanged. Cine cuteazã sã spunã adevãrul poate lesne umbla bãtut ca mãrul. A good CONSCIENCE is a soft pillow. Cugetul bun e cea mai moale pernã. Sim. A good conscience is a continual feast. A guilty CONSCIENCE feels continual fear. Omul de vinã se teme si de umbrã. Var. A guilty conscience needs no accuser. Cf. The THIEF does fear each bush an officer. CONTENT is happiness. Bunã fericire nu stã în bogãtie, ci într-o multumire a inimii de starea ei. CONTENT lodges oftener in cottages than palaces. Mai multã fericire e în bordeiul sãracului decât în palatul bogatului. No man is CONTENT with his lot. Nimeni nu-i multumit cu soarta lui. Sim. None is satisfied with his fortune. They need much whom nothing will CONTENT. Lacomul, si sãtul, flãmând este. Too many COOKS spoil the broth. Cu douã bucãtãrese iese ciorba prea sãratã sau nesãratã. Copilul cu multe moase rãmâne cu buricul netãiat. Unde sunt douã cumnate, rãmân vase nespãlate. Unde sunt nouã fete, moare pisica de sete. Unde sunt popi multi, moare pruncul nebotezat. A threefold CORD is not quickly broken. Sfoara pusã în trei nu se rupe degrabã. Funia cea îndoitã cu mult mai mult tine decât cea dezdoitã. * Ecclesiastes 4, 12 / Ecclesiastul 4, 12 In much CORN is some cockle. Nu e grâu fãrã neghinã. Cf. Every GRAIN has its bran. He that counts all COSTS will never put plough in the earth. Cine socoteste câte foi intrã-n plãcintã niciodatã nu mãnâncã plãcintã. Dacã socoti plãcinta din câte pãturi îi, n-o mai mãnânci. Give neither COUNSEL nor salt till you are asked for it. Nu da sfat, neîntrebat. Nu da povatã celui ce nu ti-o cere, cãci nu te ascultã. Sare, pânã nu cere, sã nu-i dai cuiva. Sim. Come not to counsel uncalled. The COUNSEL thou wouldst have another keep, first keep it thyself. E lesne a povãtui si anevoie a se povãtui. He that will not be COUNSELLED cannot be helped. Cine nu primeste sfat nu e nici de ajutat. Sim. In vain he craves advice that will not follow it. Though thou hast never so many COUNSELLORS, yet do not forsake the counsel of thy own soul. Pe toti sã-i asculti, dar din mintea ta sã nu iesi. Sã asculti de toatã lumea, dar dintr-ale tale sã nu iesi. So many COUNTRIES, so many customs. Câte tãri, atâtea obiceie. Câte bordeie, atâtea obiceie. Cf. Every LAND has its own law. In the COUNTRY of the blind the one-eyed man is king. În tara orbilor chiorul este împãrat. Chiorul între orbi este împãrat (rege). Var. In the Kingdom of blind men, the one-eyed is king. Where is well with me, there is my COUNTRY. Unde omul se multumeste, acolo raiul îl gãseste. Sim. A wise (valiant) man esteems every place to be his own country. Full of COURTESY, full of craft. Limbã dulce, dos viclean. În fatã te netezeste si în spate te ciopleste. All COVET, all lose. Cine doreste mult pierde si pe cel putin. Sim. Grasp all, lose all. Cf. He that too much EMBRACETH holds little. A COVETOUS man does nothing that he should till he dies. Dacã scumpul moare, atunci îi învie averea. Cf. He is like a SWINE, he’ll never do good while he lives. A COVETOUS man serves his riches, not they him. Nu scumpul stãpâneste banii, ci banii stãpânesc pe scump. Scumpul nu e stãpân pe banii lui, ci banii îl stãpânesc pe el. Sim. The rich are rather possessed by their money than possessors. The COVETOUS spends more than the liberal. Scumpul mai mult pãgubeste si lenesul mai mult aleargã. COVETOUSNESS breaks the bag. Lãcomia sparge sacul. Var. Covetousness bursts the sack / Too much breaks the bag. Sim. Over covetous was never good. Cf. You can have TOO MUCH of a good thing.. It is idle to swallow the COW and choke on the tail. Tot boul l-am mâncat si la coadã m-am ostenit. Var. To swallow an ox, and be choked with the tail. Let him that owns the COW, take her by the tail. Las, sã-i rupã coada a cui-i vaca. Set a COW to catch a hare. A prinde iepurele cu carul. The COW gives a good pail of milk and then kicks it over. Vaca rea dã cu piciorul când umple ciubãrul. The COWL does not make the monk. Rasa nu te face cãlugar. Nu tot ce poartã rasã si camilafcã e cãlugãr. Var. The hood (habit) does not make the monk. Cf. It is not the gay COAT that makes the gentleman. Plant the CRAB-TREE where you will, it will never bear pippins. Pomul pãduret, pãdurete poame scoate. CREDITORS have better memories than debtors. Cine dã nu uitã; uitã cel care ia. He that dwells next door to a CRIPPLE will learn to halt. Cu schiopul împreunã de vei locui, te-nveti si tu a schiopãta. Cu schiopii la un loc de sezi, te înveti sã schiopãtezi. He that mocks a CRIPPLE, ought to be whole. Pânã a nu râde de cel ce schiopãteazã, bagã de seamã bine, dacã tu umbli cu mult mai bine. Nu râde de altii, uitã-te la tine. Sim. If you mock the lame, you will go so yourself in time. That which is CROOKED cannot be made straight. Ce-i strâmb nu se poate îndrepta. * Ecclesiastes 1, 15 / Ecclesiastul 1, 15 Every man has his CROSS to bear. Fiecare îsi are necazurile sale. Cf. Every HEART has its own ache. The CROSS on his breast and the devil in his heart. Crestin cu crucea-n sân, cu dracu de-a spinare. A umbla cu crucea-n sân si cu dracu în inimã. Sim. The beads in the hand and the devil in capuch. Cf. BEADS about the neck and the devil in the heart. A CROW is never the whiter for washing herself often. Corbul în zadar se spalã, cã negreata nu si-o pierde. Pe arap, cât de mult îl vei spãla tot negru va rãmânea. Breed up a CROW and he will tear out your eyes. Creste puii tãi, cã de ei ai sã piei. Var. He has brought up a bird to pick out his own eyes. Cf. To nourish a SNAKE (viper) in one’s bosom. The CROW thinks her own bird fairest. Ciorii i se par puii ei de pãun. Si cioara îsi laudã puii. Var. The owl thinks her own young fairest. Cf. FAIR is not fair, but that which pleases. CROWS will not pick out crows’ eyes. Corb la corb nu scoate ochii. Cioarã la cioarã nu-si scoate ochii. Var. Hawks will not pick out hawks’ eyes. Put not an embroidered CRUPPER on an ass. Frâiele de aur nu fac mai bun calul. Cf. My old MARE would have a new crupper. CURSES, like chickens, come home to roost. Cine pe altii blesteamã, urgii asupra îsi cheamã. CUSTOM is a second nature. Obisnuinta-i o a doua naturã. Deprinderea e a doua naturã. Obiceiul dupã lege, a doua fire se-ntelege. CUSTOM rules the law. În sânge se preface datina. Deprinderea se face fire. Sim. The command of custom is great.   D 1. Where the DAM leaps over, the kid follows. Pe unde a sãrit capra trebuie sã sarã si iada. Capra sare masa, iada sare casa. Sim. As the old cock crows, so crows the young / The young pig grunts like the old sow. He that runs into DANGER must expect to perish therein. Cel care iubeste primejdia va cãdea într-însa. Sim. He that brings himself into needless dangers, dies the devil’s martyr. * Ecclesiasticus 3, 26 / Sirah 3, 26 The DANGER past and God forgotten. Dupã a noastrã scãpare, nici un sfânt cinste mai are. Sim. Once on shore, we pray no more./ The river past and God forgotten Cf. Call the BEAR uncle’ till you are safe across the bridge . He that would the DAUGHTER win must with the mother first begin. Vezi mama, apoi fata. Var. He that would the mistress win must with the maid first begin. Sim. Praise the child, and you make love to the mother. DAUGHTERS and dead fish are no keeping wares. Fata pânã-i mãrita, zile negre vei noda. Sim. Marry your daughter and eat fresh fish betimes / Marry your daughters betimes, lest they marry themselves. All’s alike at the latter DAY: a bag of gold and wisp of hay. Moartea nu va sã stie de averi, de bogãtie. Sim. Death is the great leveller / Six feet of earth make all men equal / At the end of the game the King and the pawn go into the same bag. Cf. DEATH makes equal the high and low / The END makes all equal. Every DAY is not Sunday. Nu-i toatã ziua duminecã. Var. Every day is no Yule-day. Cf. CHRISTMAS comes but once a year. He that fights and runs away may live to fight another DAY. Fuga e rusinoasã, dar e sãnãtoasã. Praise a fair DAY at night. Dupã ce apune soarele laudã ziua. Ziua bunã se laudã seara. Sã nu zici “ce zi frumoasã” pânã nu va însera. Nu preamãri ziua pânã nu apune soarele. Var. Praise day at night, and life at the end. Sim. The evening crowns the day / Say no ill of the year till it be past. Sufficient unto the DAY is the evil thereof. Ajunge zilei rãutatea ei. Sim. No day passes without some grief. * Matthew 6, 34 / Matei 6, 34 DEAD men don’t bite. Cine moare nu mai miscã. It is only the DEAD who do not return. Mortul de la groapã nu se mai întoarce. Let the DEAD bury their dead. Lasã mortii sã-si îngroape mortii lor. Var. Let the dead bury the dead and (let) the living lead a gay life. Cf. We must LIVE by the quick (living), not by the dead. * Matthew 8, 22 / Matei 8, 22 Say nothing of the DEAD but what is good. De morti nu trebuie sã vorbesti decât de bine. Sim. Never speak ill of the dead / Speak well of the dead. There’s none so DEAF as those who will not hear. Nu e mai surd decât cel care nu vrea sã audã. Nu e mai surd ca surdul ce se face cã nu aude. Var. None so deaf as those who won’t hear. After DEATH the doctor. I-a venit doctorul dupã moarte. DEATH keeps no calendar. Moartea nu spune când vine. DEATH makes equal the high and low. Mor întocmai ca tot omul si bogatul ca si robul. Sim. Death is the great leveller / At the end of the game the king and the pawn go into the same bag / Six feet of earth make all men equal. Cf. All’s alike at the latter DAY: a bag of gold and wisp of hay / The END makes all equal. Fear of DEATH is worse than death itself. Cine se teme de moarte si-a pierdut viata. The DEATH of the wolves is the safety of the sheep. Moartea lupului e sãnãtatea oilor. DEATHS foreseen come not. Moartea nu vine când o chemi, ci te ia când nu te temi. Of ill DEBTORS men take oats. De la un datornic rãu s-un sac de paie este bun. De la un datornic rãu nu vei lua nimic decât la poarta raiului. Cf. From a bad PAYMASTER get what you can. He who pays his DEBTS begins to make a stock. Omul e avut când nu e dator nimic. Cine nu e dator e destul de bogat. Sim. Out of debt, out of danger. A good DEED is never lost. Fapta bunã nu moare niciodatã. Sim. One never loses by doing a good turn. Cf. DO well and have well / One good TURN deserves another. DEEDS are males, and words are females. Vorbele sunt femei, faptele sunt bãrbati. DEEDS, not words. Faptele, faptele nu oala cu laptele. Cf. ACTIONS speak louder than words. All is not lost that is DELAYED. Amânarea nu-i pierzare. Ce s-a amânat nu s-a uitat. Sim. Delays are not denials. He that asks faintly begs a DENIAL. Cel neîndrãznet pierde multe bunuri. It is easier to DESCEND than to ascend. Într-un an de zile te sui la deal si într-un ceas te scobori la vale. He that has shipped the DEVIL must make the best of him. Bagi pe dracul în casã cu lãutari, si nu-l poti scoate cu sute de arhierei. Aduci pe dracul în casã cu lãutari si apoi nu-l scoti cu o mie de popi. Sim. He that takes the devil into his boat must carry him over the sound. One DEVIL drives out another. Dracu alb mãnâncã p-ãl negru. Sim. One poison drives out another. Cf. LIKE cures like / One NAIL drives out another. Talk of the DEVIL, and he is bound to appear. Vorbesti de dracul si el din dreptul tãu. Sim. The devil is never nearer than when we are talking of him / The devil is never far off. Cf. Talk of the WOLF and his tail appears. The DEVIL is not so black as he is painted. Dracul nu e asa de negru cum îl zugrãvesc oamenii. Nu e dracul asa de negru cum se spune. Sim. The lion is not so fierce as he is painted. The DEVIL knows many things because he is old. Fã-ti cruce mare, cã e dracu bãtrân. The DEVIL loves no holy water. Fuge ca dracul de tãmâie. The DEVIL lurks behind the cross. Câte cruci vei face dracul tot la spate sade. The DEVIL was sick, the devil a monk would be; the devil was well, the devil a monk was he. Dracu când a îmbãtrânit, atunci s-a cãlugãrit. Var. The devil was sick, the devil a monk would be. The DEVIL’s meal is all bran. Fãina dracului se preface toatã în tãrâte. DIAMOND cut diamond. Cu diamantul se taie diamantul. A man can DIE but once. O moarte are omul. Fiecare-i dator c-o moarte. Better DIE with honour than live with shame. Mai bine moarte cinstitã decât viata necinstitã. Mai bine mort decât cu rusinea în nas. Var. A fair death honours the whole life / Better a glorious death than a shameful life. The DIE is cast. Zarurile au fost aruncate. He that DIED half a year ago is as dead as Adam. Ce intrã în pãmânt curând se uitã. Cine a murit an, an s-a îngropat. Sim. To dead men and absent there are no friends left. Cast no DIRT into the well that hath given you water. Nu scuipa în put, cãci se poate întâmpla sã bei din el. Nu turbura fântâna ce te-a îndestulat. A DISEASE known is half cured. Boala cunoscutã (stiutã) e pe jumãtate vindecatã. Sim. A danger foreseen is half avoided. Desperate DISEASES must have desperate remedies. Pe durerea mare alta mai mare o tãmãduieste. Var. Desperate cuts must have desperate remedies. DISEASES come on horseback, but go away on foot. Boala vine cu posta si se întoarce pe jos. Cf. MISCHIEF comes by the pound and goes away by the ounce. Of two DISPUTANTS, the warmer is generally in the wrong. Cine nu are dreptate, acela tipã mai tare. Vinovatul mai mare gurã face. Make me a DIVINER and I will make thee rich. Fã-mã, de poti, prooroc, ca sã te fac cu noroc. Fã-mã, Doamne, prooroc, sã te fac împãrat. DO as I say, not as I do. Nu faceti ce fac eu, ci faceti ce zic eu. Cf. DO as the friar says, not as he does. DO as the friar says, not as he does. Fã ce zice popa, nu face ce face el. Ce zice popa sã faci, dar ce face popa sã nu faci. Cf. DO as I say, not as I do. DO as you may if you can’t do as you would. Când nu putem face ce voim, trebuie sã voim ce putem. Fã ce poti, când n-ai alta de fãcut. Sim. If we can’t as we would, we must do as we can / He that may not do as he would, must do as he may. DO as you would be done by. Ce tie nu-ti place altuia nu face. Cf. DO unto others as you would they should do unto you. DO not all you can; spend not all you have; believe not all you hear; and tell not all you know. Nu spune tot ce stii, nu crede tot ce auzi. DO right and fear no man. Fã-ti datoria si nu te teme. Fã bine si nu te teme de nimene. Sim. Do well and dread no shame. DO unto others as you would they should do unto you. Ceea ce vreti sã vã facã vouã oamenii, faceti si voi lor. Cf. DO as you would be done by. * Matthew 7, 12 / Matei 7, 12 * Luke 6, 31 / Luca 6, 31 DO well and have well. Bine faci, bine gãsesti. Cine face bine, bine gãseste. Sim. Do good: thou doest it for thyself. Cf. A good DEED is never lost / One good TURN deserves another. If thou thyself canst DO it, attend no other’s help or hand. Ce poti face singur nu astepta sã-ti facã altii. If you want a thing well done, DO it yourself. Carele însusi face, face cât trei. Self DO, self have. Cine face, siesi face. Cine face, lui îsi face. A barking DOG never bites. Câinele care latrã nu muscã. Câinele ce mult latrã niciodatã nu muscã. Var. Barking dogs seldom bite. Sim. His bark is worse than his bite / Great barkers are no biters / Brag’s a good dog, but dares not bite. A living DOG is better than a dead lion. Mai bine un câine viu decât un leu mort. * Ecclesiastes 9, 4 / Ecclesiastul 9, 4 A scalded DOG fears cold water. Câinele, când l-ai opãrit, fuge si de apã rece. Sim. Once bitten twice shy. Cf. A scalded CAT fears cold water / A burnt CHILD dreads the fire / He that has been bitten by a SERPENT is afraid of a rope / Whom a SERPENT has bitten, a lizard alarms. An old DOG barks not in vain. Câinele bãtrân nu latrã degeaba. Cf. If the old DOG barks, he gives counsel. Beware of a silent DOG and still water. Fereste-te de câine mut si de om tãcut. Cel tãcut si smerit ca apa cea linã ce îndatã te însalã. Var. Beware of a silent man and still water. DOG does not eat dog. Câine pe câine nu mãnâncã. Lupii nu se mãnâncã între dânsii. He that keeps another man’s DOG shall have nothing left him but the line. Nu da pâine câinilor altuia, cã te latrã ai tãi. He that would hang his DOG gives out first that he is mad. Cine vrea sã-si ucidã câinele sãu destul sã zicã cã e turbat. Sim. Give a dog a bad name and hang him. Cf. It is easy to find a STICK to beat a dog. If the old DOG barks, he gives counsel. Când latrã un câine bãtrân sã iesi afarã. Câine bãtrân sã te pãzesti, din casa ta sã nu izgonesti. Cf. If you wish good ADVICE, consult an old man / An old DOG barks not in vain. Like the gardener’s DOG, that neither eats cabbages himself, nor lets anybody else. Câinele sade pe fân: nici mãnâncã, nici va sã lase calul mãcar sã-l miroase. Câinele osul nu-l roade si nici pe altul nu-l lasã sã-l roadã. Love me, love my DOG. Cinsteste pe câine pentru al sãu stãpân. Pentru stãpân si pe câine mângâi. You cannot teach an old DOG new tricks. Calul bãtrân cu greu se învatã la ham. Var. It is hard to teach an old dog tricks. Cut off a DOG’s tail and he will be a dog still. În zadar gugulesti coada de câine, cã tot aceea rãmâne. Dead DOGS bite not. Câinele mort nu mai muscã. DOGS bark, but the caravan goes on. Câinii latrã, caravana trece. Cf. The MOON does not heed the barking of dogs. DOGS wag their tails, not so much in love to you as to your bread. Nu te încrede în câinele care dã din coadã. Miluieste câinele de vrei sã-ti fâtâie coada. If you lie down with DOGS, you will get up with fleas. Cine doarme cu câinii se scoalã plin de purici. Var. He that sleeps with dogs must rise up with fleas. Let sleeping DOGS lie. Nu destepta câinele care doarme. Când doarme câinele lasã-l în pace. Sim. Wake not a sleeping lion. Many DOGS may easily worry* one hare. Multi câini sunt moartea iepurelui. *kill Two DOGS strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it. Când doi se ceartã al treilea câstigã. Two DOGS to one bone, may never accord in one. Doi câini se nãrãvesc la un os. Var. Two dogs over one bone seldom agree. By DOING nothing we learn to do ill. Lucrul face sãnãtate, trândãvia tot pãcate. Cf. IDLENESS is the mother of all vice. In DOING we learn. Fãcând înveti sã faci. Cel ce munceste învatã. What’s DONE cannot be undone. Lucrul fãcut nu se mai poate desface. Ce-i fãcut e bun fãcut. Sim. Things done cannot be undone / The thing that’s done has an end. An open DOOR may tempt a saint. Usa deschisã pe oricine primeste. The back DOOR robs the house. Casa cu douã usi e greu de pãzit. Sim. A postern door makes a thief / Ease makes thief / The hole calls the thief. Cf. An open DOOR may tempt a saint / OPPORTUNITY makes the thief. At open DOORS dogs come in. Câinele nu intrã dacã nu-i usa deschisã. When DRINK is in, wit is out. Omul la betie cade-n nebunie. The more one DRINKS, the more one may. Cine a bãut o sã bea; cine a furat o sã fure. The last DROP makes the cup run over. Picãtura cea mai de pe urmã vasul gãureste. Sim. The last straw breaks the camel’s back. Constant DROPPING wears away the stone. Picãturile îndesate gãuresc si piatra. Picãtura micã gãureste piatra tare. * Job 14, 19 / Iov 14, 19 Many DROPS make a shower. Picãturã cu picãturã se face lacul mare. Apele mici fac râurile mari. Strop dupã strop face siroi de apã. Sim. Large streams from little fountains flow. Cf. MANY small make a great / PENNY and penny laid up will be many. A DROWNING man will clutch at a straw. Omul când e sã se înece se agatã si de un pai. Omul care se îneacã se agatã de orice scândurã. Omul la nevoie se prinde si de ascutisul sãbiei. He that killeth a man when he is DRUNK must be hanged when he is sober. El ce face la betie se cãeste la trezie. DRUNKARDS and fools cannot lie. Copiii, nebunii si omul beat vorbesc adevãrul. De la nebun si de la beat adevãrul este lesne de aflat. Var. Drunkards and fools speak truth. Cf. CHILDREN and fools tell the truth. He who gives a DUCK, expects a goose. Dã un ou ca sã ai un bou. A da azi un ou ca sã capeti mâine un bou. Dã una ca sã-ti dea zece. All are of the DUST, and all turn to dust again. Amândoi au iesit di pulbere si amândoi în pulbere se întorc. He that blows in the DUST fills his eyes with it. Cine suflã-n foc îi sar scânteile în ochi.

E 1. EAGLES do not breed doves. Bufnita nu cloceste privighetori. EAGLES don’t catch flies. Vulturul nu vâneazã muste. Vulturul dupã muste nicicum aleargã. In at one EAR and out at the other. Pe-o ureche intrã si pe alta iese. Ce intrã pe o ureche iese pe alta. He who has EARS to hear, let him hear. Cine are urechi de auzit sã audã. * Mark 4, 9; 4, 23 / Marcu 4, 9; 4, 23 Nature has given us two EARS, two eyes and but one tongue; to the end we should hear and see more than we speak. O gurã numai are omul si urechi douã, dar dimpotrivã mai mult grãieste decât ascultã. EASY come, easy go. În dar a venit, în dar s-a dus. De haram a venit, de haram s-a dus. Sim. Quickly come, quickly go / So got, so gone. Cf. LIGHTLY gained, quickly lost / Come with the WIND, go with the water. EAT at pleasure, drink by measure. La mâncare sã ai cumpãtare si la bãuturã sã fii cu mãsurã. EAT till you sweat and work till you freeze. Lucreazã de-ngheatã si mãnâncã de-asudã. EAT to live, not live to eat. Omul nu trãieste sã mãnânce, ci mãnâncã sã trãiascã. He that EATS least, eats most. Cine mãnâncã putin mãnâncã de mai multe ori. Better an EGG today than a hen tomorrow. E mai bun oul de azi decât gãina de mâine. Mai bine astãzi oul decât mâine boul. He that will steal an EGG will steal an ox. Cine furã azi un ou, mâine va fura un bou. Cine furã azi o ceapã, mâine furã si o iapã. Azi o ceapã, mâine o iapã, poimâine herghelia toatã. Cf. He that will steal a PIN will steal a better thing. You cackle often, but never lay an EGG. Gãina care cotcodãceste mult nu ouã. Gãina care cântã nu ouã. He that too much EMBRACETH holds little. Cine îmbrãtiseazã multe putine adunã. Sim. Grasp all, lose all. Cf. All COVET, all lose. Better is the END of a thing than the beginning thereof. Mai bun este sfârsitul unui lucru decât începutul. * Ecclesiastes 7, 8 / Ecclesiastul 7, 8 Everything has an END. Tot începutul are si sfârsit. Toate sunt pânã la o vreme. The END crowns the work. Sfârsitul laudã începutul. La toate urma alege. Sim. The end tries all / The evening crowns the day. The END justifies the means. Scopul scuzã mijloacele. Sim. He that wills the end, wills the means. The END makes all equal. Moartea împacã pe toti. Sim. Death is the great leveller / Six feet of earth make all men equal / At the end of the game the King and the pawn go into the same bag. Cf. All’s alike at the latter DAY: a bag of gold and wisp of hay / DEATH makes equal the high and low. Think on the END before you begin. Întâi gândeste, apoi porneste. Cf. First THINK, and then speak. He that ENDURES is not overcome. Rãbdarea trece marea. Omul cu rãbdarea trece chiar si marea. Sim. He that can stay obtains / Perseverance overcomes all things. He that ENDURETH to the end shall be saved. Cel ce va rãbda pânã la sfârsit, acela se va mântui. * Matthew 10, 22; 24, 13 / Matei 10, 22; 24, 13 * Mark 13, 13 / Marcu 13, 13 If you have no ENEMIES it’s a sign fortune has forgot you. Cine n-are dusmani nu-i om. Better an open ENEMY than a false friend. Mai bine vrãjmas c-o fatã, decât prieten cu douã fete. Cf. Nothing worse than a familiar ENEMY. For a flying ENEMY make a golden bridge. Inamicului care se duce, fã-i pod. Vrãjmasul când si-aratã spatele bate-l cu aur în spate. Var. For a flying enemy make a silver bridge / It is good to make a bridge of gold to a flying enemy. If you would make an ENEMY, lend a man money, and ask it of him again. Cui îi dai pe datorie, nu-l mai vezi în prãvãlie; pierzi prieteni, pierzi si bani, ba îti capeti si dusmani. Când îi dai îi fatã vaca, când îi ceri îi moare vitelul. Sim. When I lent, I had a friend; but when I asked, he was unkind. Cf. Lend your MONEY and lose your friend. Make your ENEMY your friend. Dusmanului sã-i dai pâine si sare. Dusmanul cel mai rãu cu pâine ti-l câstigi. Nothing worse than a familiar ENEMY. De hotii din casã nu te poti feri. Cf. Better an open ENEMY than a false friend. One ENEMY can do more hurt than ten friends can do good. Un singur dusman e destul sã dãrâme ce au lucrat o mie de prieteni. Cf. One ENEMY is too many; and a hundred friends too few. One ENEMY is too many; and a hundred friends too few. Decât un dusman, mai bine zece prieteni. Cf. One ENEMY can do more hurt than ten friends can do good. There is no little ENEMY. Nu dispretui pe nici un inimic, fie cât de mic. Sim. Though thy enemy seem a mouse, yet watch him like a lion. Believe no tales from an ENEMY’s tongue. La cuvântul vrãjmasului nici cum sã pui temei, cã-n viclenie te pândeste. An ENGLISHMAN’s home is his castle. Vatra mea, palatul meu. Var. A man’s house is his castle. Sim. East, west, home’s best / Home is home, though it be never so homely. Cf. One’s own HEARTH is gowd’s worth / There is no PLACE like home. An old ENSIGN is a captain’s honour. Steagul cel vechi, cinstea osteanului. Steagul cel mai zdrentuit, cinstea oastei. Better be ENVIED than pitied. Mai bine sã te pizmuiascã cineva decât sã te plângã. ENVY always shoots at a high mark. Om mare fãrã vrãjmasi nu este. ENVY never dies. Pizma nu moare niciodatã. ENVY shoots at others, and wounds herself. Cine are ochi pizmasi si lui însusi e vrãjmas. Pizma este ca cariul în inima copacului. Pizma pe nesimtite inima ti-o mãnâncã, ca rugina pe fier. Welcome EVIL if thou comest alone. Vino necazule, dar vino singur. Of two EVILS choose the least (less). Din douã rele alege pe cel mai mic. The EVILS we bring on ourselves are the hardest to bear. Ce-si face omul singur, nici dracul nu poate sã-i desfacã. EXAMPLE is better than precept. Ca pilda nici un dascãl mai bun. Cf. A good EXAMPLE is the best sermon. The EXCEPTION proves the rule. Exceptia confirmã regula. He who EXCUSES himself, accuses himself. Cine se scuzã, se acuzã. EXPERIENCE is the best teacher. Cel mai bun dascãl e pãtania. Pe om în viatã pãtaniile-l învatã. Cf. EXPERIENCE is the mother of knowledge. EXPERIENCE is the mother of knowledge. Cine a pãtit multe stie multe. Tot pãtitu-i priceput. Var. Experience is the mother of wisdom. Cf. ADVERSITY makes a man wise, not rich / EXPERIENCE is the best teacher. EXPERIENCE without learning is better than learning without experience. Omul învãtat, dar nepãtit, e ca pusca fãrã praf. An EYE for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Ochi pentru ochi si dinte pentru dinte. * Matthew 5, 38 / Matei 5, 38 The EYE is bigger than the belly. Pântecele se saturã, dar ochii niciodatã. A avea ochii mai mari decât burta (pântecele). The EYE is the mirror of the soul. Ochii sunt oglinda sufletului (inimii). Var. The eyes are the window of the soul. The EYE lets in love. O cãutãturã dulce la dragoste te duce. Ochii si sprâncenele fac toate pãcatele si leagã dragostele. Dragostea de un’ se-ncepe? / De la ochi, de la sprâncene, / De la sân cu drãgãnele. Sim. Looks breed love. Cf. The HEART’s letter is read in the eye. The EYE of the master does more work than both his hands. Ochii stãpânului mai mult spor fac decât amândouã mâinile. The master’s EYE makes the horse fat. Ochiul stãpânului îngrasã calul (vita). To cry with one EYE, and laugh with the other. Cu un ochi râde si cu altul plânge. What the EYE doesn’t see, the heart doesn’t grieve over. Ochii vãd, inima cere, dar e rãu când n-ai putere. Cf. Out of SIGHT, out of mind. You can see a mote in another’s EYE, but cannot see a beam in your own. Vede paiul din ochiul altuia si nu vede bârna din ochiul sãu. Vezi mai întâi gunoiul din ochiul tãu si apoi vorbeste pe altul de rãu. Bârna din ochiul sãu n-o vede, dar gunoiul din ochiul altuia îl vede. Var. You see the splinter in your brother’s eye; but not the beam in your own. Sim. The eye that sees all things else sees not itself / The hunchback does not see his own hump, but sees his companion’s. Four EYES see more than two. Patru ochi vãd mai bine decât doi. Ochi multi mai bine vãd. Cf. Two EYES can see more than one. Two EYES can see more than one. Doi ochi vãd mai bine decât unul. Cf. Four EYES see more than two. One EYEWITNESS is better than ten hear-so’s. Mai credinciosi ochii decât urechile. Ochii au mai multã crezare decât urechile. Mai lesne se cred ochii decât urechile. Cf. SEEING is believing.   F A fair FACE, foul heart. La chip frumos si la inimã gãunos. Sim. Fair without, foul within. The FACE is the index of the mind. Chipul omului e oglinda sufletului. We carry our neighbours’ FAILINGS in sight; we throw our own crimes over our shoulders. Vezi mai întâi gunoiul din ochiul tãu si apoi vorbeste pe altul de rãu. FAIR is not fair, but that which pleases. Nu e frumos ce e frumos, e frumos ce-mi place mie. Nu-mi place pentru cã-i frumos, ci-i frumos pentru cã-mi place. Sim. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Cf. The CROW thinks her own birds fairest. No flying from FATE. Din ce ti-e ursitã nu poti sã scapi. Nu va scãpa omul de ce e ursit sã pãteascã. Sim. Whatever happens, all happens as it should. Cf. The FATED will happen / He that is born to be HANGED shall never be drowned / What MUST be, must be. The FATED will happen. Ce ti-e scris, în frunte ti-e pus. Sim. Whatever happens all happens as it should. Cf. No flying from FATE / He that is born to be HANGED shall never be drowned / What MUST be must be. After a thrifty FATHER, a prodigal son. Tatãl adunã paiele ca aurul, fiul risipeste aurul ca paiele. Banii strângãtorului pe mâna risipitorului. Sim. The father buys, the son bigs, the grandchild sells, and his son begs. Cf. After a great GETTER comes a great spender. Like FATHER, like son. Ce fel e tata e si fiul. Cf. A CHIP off the old block / Like MOTHER, like daughter. Like FATHER, like son; like mother like daughter. Copiii dupã pãrinti, ca poamele dupã pom. Cf. A CHIP off the old block / Like MOTHER, like daughter. One FATHER can support ten children; ten children cannot support one father. Un tatã poate sã hrãneascã zece fii, dar zece fii nu pot sã hrãneascã un tatã. Cf. One FATHER is enough to govern one hundred sons, but not a hundred sons one father. One FATHER is enough to govern one hundred sons, but not a hundred sons one father. Un pãrinte pe toti copiii îi hrãneste, iar copiii toti p-un pãrinte nu-l pot hrãni. Cf. One FATHER can support ten children; ten children cannot support one father. The FATHERS have eaten sour grapes, and the children’s teeth are set on edge. Pãrintii au mâncat struguri necopti si au strepezit dintii copiilor. Pãrintii mãnâncã mere acre (aguridã) si copiilor li se strepezesc dintii. Pãrintii au mâncat aguridã si copiilor li s-au strepezit dintii. Adam a mâncat mãrul însã dintii nostri strepezesc. * Ezekiel 18, 2 / Iezechiel 18, 2 A FAULT confessed is half redressed. Pãcatul mãrturisit este pe jumãtate iertat. Every one can find FAULT; few can do better. Lesne a critica, dar anevoie a alcãtui. He that commits a FAULT thinks everyone speaks of it. Omul nedrept se teme de toti. Cine se stie cu musca pe cãciulã se apãrã. Vinovatul negonit fuge. Sim. The faulty stands on his guard. FAULTS are thick where love is thin. Unde-i dragoste putinã, lesne-i a gãsi pricinã. Hard is for any man all FAULTS to mend. Nu poti îndrepta lumea cu umãrul. The first FAULTS are theirs that commit them, the second theirs that permit them. Când te-a înselat cineva o datã, e de vinã el; când te-a înselat a doua oarã, esti de vinã singur. Sim. He that deceives me once, shame fall him; if he deceives me twice, shame fall me. FAVOUR is deceitful, and beauty is vain. Înselãtor este farmecul si desartã este frumusetea. * Proverbs 31, 30 / Pilde 31, 30 FEAR gives wings. Frica are picioare lungi. FEAR hath a quick ear. Omul fricos totdeauna umblã cu gheata în sân. FEAR is stronger than love. Unde este fricã nu încape dragoste. FEAR keeps and looks to the vineyard, and not the owner. Frica pãzeste via (pãdurea, bostãnãria, pepenii). Var. Fear keeps the garden better than the gardener. Foolish FEAR doubleth danger. Frica totdeauna aduce primejdie. Sim. Fear takes molehills for mountains. No FENCE against ill fortune. Dacã n-ai noroc si parte, degeaba te scoli de noapte. FIELDS have eyes, and woods have ears. Câmpu-i cu ochi, pãdurea cu urechi. Pãdurea are urechi si câmpul nu putini ochi. Sim. The day has eyes, the night has ears. Cf. WALLS have ears. Give a clown your FINGER, and he will take your hand. Îi dai degetul, el îti apucã mâna. Dai un deget si-ti ia mâna toatã. Cf. Give him an INCH and he’ll take an ell. A little FIRE burns up a great deal of corn. O scânteie e de ajuns ca sã ardã gireada întreagã. Cf. Of a small SPARK a great fire. FIRE is the test of gold; adversity of friendship. Vremea pe prieten, ca focul pe aur, în adevãr l-aratã. Var. Fire is the test of gold. Cf. GOLD is tried in the fire. If you play with FIRE you get burnt. Cine se joacã cu focul se frige. Nu te juca cu focul, cã îndatã te pârlesti. Sim. He warms too near that burns. It is a dangerous FIRE that begins in the bed straw. Scânteile pe paie cum cad le aprind. No FIRE, no smoke. De unde nu-i foc, nici fum nu iese. Pânã nu faci foc nu iese fum. Var. Make no fire, raise no smoke. Cf. No SMOKE without fire. Better be FIRST in a village than second at Rome. Mai bine cap la sat decât coadã la oras. Mai bine în satul tãu fruntas decât codas la oras. FIRST come, first served. Pe rând, ca la moarã. Tine rândul, ca la moarã. Big FISH eat little fish. Pestele cel mare înghite pe cel mic. Pestii cei mari manâncã pe cei mici. Var. The great fish eat up the small. FISH and guests stink after three days. Dupã trei zile oaspetii se pun la râsnitã. Var. Fresh fish and new-come guests smell in three days. Sim. A constant GUEST is never welcome. FISH must swim thrice. Pestele cere vin. Old FISH and young flesh do feed men best. Carne tânãrã si peste bãtrân. The FISH always stinks from the head downwards. Pestele de la cap se-mpute. Var. Fish begins to stink at the head. You must not teach FISH to swim. Pe vultur înveti sã zboare? Sim. An old fox needs learn no craft. It is good FISHING in troubled waters. Tulburã apa ca sã pescuiascã. It is ill FISHING before the net. Sã nu prinzi peste înaintea sacului. A FLATTERER’s throat is an open sepulchre. Fereste-te de lingusitori, dacã nu vrei sã mori. Keep FLAX from fire and youth from gaming. Tânãr lângã tânãrã ca paiele lângã foc. Sim. Fire cannot be hidden in flax / A woman is flax, man is fire, the devil comes and blows the bellows. Hungry FLIES bite sore. Musca flãmândã înteapã rãu. You will catch more FLIES with a spoonful of honey than with a gallon of vinegar. Cu o lingurã de miere mai multe muste prinzi decât cu o bute de otet. Cf. HONEY catches more flies than vinegar. The FLOCK follow the bell-wether. Turma merge dupã berbec. One FLOWER makes no garland. Numai c-o floare ghirlanda nu se face. Cu o floare nu se face primãvara. Cf. One SWALLOW does not make a summer. A FLY follows the honey. La stup de miere, roi de muste. He changes a FLY into an elephant. Face din tântar armãsar. Face musca cât cãmila. Mincinosul cu de-a sila face musca cât cãmila. Sim. To make a mountain out of a molehill. The FLY has her spleen and the ant her gall. Si furnica, de e furnicã, tot are mânie, cât e de micã. Musca, si de nu muscã tare, tot ti-aduce supãrare. Var. Even a fly hath its spleen. Cf. Even a WORM will turn. The FLY that plays too long in the candle, singes his wings at last. Fluturele când se-ntoarce pe lângã vâlvoare, aripile si le arde. No FLYING without wings. Nu te încerca a zbura înainte de a avea aripi. Pasãrea fãrã aripi nicicum nu poate zbura. Cine fãrã aripi munceste sã zboare pururea îl vezi cã cade în bot. A secret FOE gives a sudden blow. Cãrbunele acoperit pe nesimtite te arde. Fereste-te de cãrbunele acoperit. Short FOLK are soon angry. Mic ca acul si rãu ca dracul. FOLLY and learning often dwell together. Unde e învãtãturã multã e si nebunie multã. A FOOL and his money are soon parted. Fiecare nebun poate sã câstige bani, dar nu poate sã-i pãstreze. A FOOL believes everything. Omul prost crede tot. Prostul face ce vede si ce aude crede. * Proverbs 14, 15 / Pilde 14, 15 A FOOL may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years. Un prost poate sã punã mai multe întrebãri decât poate un întelept sã rãspundã. Cf. FOOLS ask questions that wise men cannot answer. A FOOL may give a wise man counsel. Sã-ti aduci aminte de cuvintele nebunului. Cel întelept de la cel nebun multe aflã si învatã. Sim. A fool may sometimes speak to the purpose. A FOOL may throw a stone into a well, which a hundred wise men cannot pull out. Un nebun arunc-o piatrã în baltã si zece cuminti n-o pot scoate. He is a FOOL (ass) that brayeth against another fool (ass). Cine cunoaste pe prost e si mai prost decât el. He that is born a FOOL is never cured. Nebunia din nãscare niciodatã leac nu are. Prostia din fire n-are lecuire. To promise and give nothing is comfort to a FOOL. Înteleptul fãgãduieste si nebunul trage nãdejde. A FOOL’s bolt is soon shot. Prostul întâi vorbeste si apoi se gândeste. A FOOL’s tongue is long enough to cut his own throat. Gura ucide mai mult decât sabia. FOOLS are wise as long as silent. Prostul care tace trece de-ntelept. Chiar prostul, tãcând, de întelept toti-l cred. * Proverbs 17, 28 / Pilde 17, 28 FOOLS ask questions that wise men cannot answer. Un nebun întreabã si zece întelepti nu-i pot rãspunde. Cf. A FOOL may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years. FOOLS make feasts, and wise men eat them. Nebunii dau mese si înteleptii mãnâncã. Nebunul tine lingura iar înteleptul mãnâncã. Sim. Set a fool to roast eggs, and a wise man to eat them / Fools build houses, and wise men live in them. If you had all the wit in the world FOOLS would fell you. Între multi nebuni si cel mai întelept se pierde. Who has neither FOOLS nor beggars nor whores among his kindred, was born of a stroke of thunder. Hotul si curva au fost de când lumea. Better a bare FOOT than none. Mai bine schiop decât fãrã picioare. Better the FOOT slip than the tongue. Vorba pe unde a iesit, mai bine sã fi tusit. Mai bine este cãderea pe pamânt decât cãderea din pricina limbii. * Ecclesiasticus 20, 18 / Sirah 20, 18 One FOOT is better than two crutches. Un picior sãnãtos e mai de priintã decât douã catalige. The master’s FOOTSTEPS fatten the soil. Urmele stãpânului, economia casei. Var. The master’s footsteps fattens the soil, and his foot the ground. There is great FORCE hidden in a sweet command. Vorbele cele dulci deschid usa cea de fier. It is not good praising a FORD till a man be over. Nu zi: hop! pânã n-ai sãrit. Nu zice “hop” pânã nu treci santu (puntea). Sim. Never fry fish till it’s caught / Count not four, except you have them in the wallet / Do not halloo till you are out of the wood. Cf. Don’t sell the BEAR’s skin before you have caught him / Don’t cross the BRIDGE till you come to it / Do not count your CHICKENS before they are hatched. FOREWARNED is forearmed. Un om destept face cât doi. FORGIVE all but thyself. Iartã pe toti numai pe tine nu. It is easier to FORGIVE than to forget. A ierta e usor, a uita e greu. Este lesne a ierta, dar este greu a uita. FORTUNE favours fools. Norocul prostului. FORTUNE favours the brave (bold). Norocul ajutã pe cei îndrãzneti. FORTUNE is blind. Norocu-i orb. Var. Fortune is blind and makes blind. FORTUNE is made of glass. Norocu-i spart în fund. Var. Fortune is like glass. FORTUNE is variant. Norocul e schimbãtor. FORTUNE knocks once at least at every man’s gate. Omul numai o datã-n viatã dã cu norocul fatã. Var. Opportunity never knocks twice at any man’s door. When FORTUNE knocks, open the door. Norocu nu stã în drum. Nu da binelui cu piciorul, cã pe urmã o sã-i duci dorul. Var. When fortune smiles, embrace her. FORTUNE’s wheel is never stopped. Norocul se-nvârte ca roata. Norocu-i ca o scarã, unul când se suie, altul se coboarã. Var. Not only ought fortune to be pictured on a wheel, but every thing else in the world. He that has to do with what is FOUL never comes away clean. Cine umblã cu fer se umple de ruginã. Cf. He that measures OIL shall anoint his fingers / He that touches PITCH shall be defiled. He that has but FOUR and spends five, has no need of a purse. Cinci câstig, sapte mãnânc, ce rãmâne bag în pungã. Cine cheltuieste peste ceea ce câstigã n-are-n casã mãmãligã. An old FOX is not easily snared. Vulpea bãtrânã nu cade în curse. Sim. You cannot catch old birds with chaff. At length the FOX is brought to the furrier. Vulpea dupã moarte de cojocari are parte. Sim. Every fox must pay his own skin to the flayer. At length the FOX turns monk. Vulpea, dupã ce a îmbãtrânit, s-a fãcut gãinãritã. He sets the FOX to keep his geese. S-a dus lupul sã-ngrãdeascã stâna si vulpea sã îngrijeascã gãinãria. Cf. To set the WOLF to keep the sheep. The FOX knows much, but more he that catcheth him. Vulpea e vicleanã, dar mai viclean e cel ce o prinde. The FOX may grow grey, but never good. Vulpea pãrul îsi schimbã, iar nãravul niciodatã. Cf. The WOLF may lose his teeth, but never his nature. The sleepy FOX has seldom feathered breakfasts. Vulpea care doarme nu prinde gãini. Var. The sleeping fox catches no poultry. Sim. When the fox sleeps, no grapes fall in his mouth. When the FOX preaches then beware your geese. Ia seama la gâste când vulpea tine predici. Pãzeste gâstele când vezi cã le descântã vulpea. A faithful FRIEND is hard to find, remember man and keep in mind. Fericit cel ce a dobândit prieten bun si cinstit. A FRIEND in a way is better than a penny in the purse. Un prieten face mai mult decât o pungã de galbeni. Sim. A friend in the market is better than money in the chest. A FRIEND in need is a friend indeed. Prietenul la vreme de nevoie se cunoaste. În vremea necazului se cunosc prietenii. Var. A friend is never known till a man have need. A good FRIEND is a treasure. Cine a aflat în lume prieten adevãrat, el o comoarã bogatã în viata sa a câstigat. Prieten adevãrat, avere nepretuitã. * Ecclesiasticus 6, 14 / Sirah 6, 14 A good FRIEND is my nearest relation. Mai bun este prietenul cel de aproape, decât fratele cel de departe. Mai bine un prieten apropiat decât o rudã depãrtatã. Cf. A near NEIGHBOUR is better than a far-dwelling kinsman. * Proverbs 18, 24 / Pilde 18, 24 Before you make a FRIEND eat a bushel of salt with him. Trebuie sã mãnânci un car cu sare cu cineva ca sã-l poti cunoaste bine. Pânã nu mãnânci cu omul o maje de sare nu-l poti cunoaste. Sim. You should know a man seven years before you stir his fire. I cannot be your FRIEND and your flatterer too. Prieten adevãrat este acela care te sfãtuieste spre bine, iar nu acela care îti laudã nebuniile. Love your FRIEND with his fault. Cine cautã prieteni fãrã cusur, fãrã prieteni rãmâne. Admonish your FRIENDS in private, praise them in public. Pe prieten în spate sã-l bati. FRIENDS may meet, but mountains never greet. Munte cu munte nu se-ntâlneste, dar om cu om se-ntâlneste. Deal cu deal se întâlneste, dar om cu om. FRIENDS tie their purse with a cobweb thread. Punga i-a fãcut pãianjen la gurã. Make new FRIENDS but keep the old. Prieteni noi sã-ti faci, dar d-ãi bãtrâni sã nu te lasi. Niciodatã, pentru un prieten nou câstigat, nu lepãda pe cel vechi. Sim. Old acquaintance will soon be remembered. Many FRIENDS in general, one in special. Mai bine un prieten si bun decât o mie si nebuni. Old FRIENDS and old wine and old gold are best. Prietenul vechi e ca si vinul; cu cât e mai vechi, cu atât e mai bun. Prietenul vechi e ca si vinul vechi: cu cât se-nvecheste, mai cu bucurie se bea. Var. Old friends and old wine are best. * Ecclesiasticus, 9, 10 / Sirah, 9, 10 A broken FRIENDSHIP may be soldered, but will never be sound. Dragoste pre-nnoite, ca bucatele încãlzite. Sim. Take heed of reconciled enemies and of meat twice boiled. Cf. CABBAGE twice cooked is death. They must hunger in FROST that will not work in heat. Cine vara petrece cântând, iarna rãmâne flãmând. Cine vara stã si doarme, iarna, biet, moare de foame. Cine n-are vara minte, iarna nu mãnâncã plãcinte. Forbidden FRUIT is sweet. Fructul oprit e mai dulce. Var. Stolen fruit is sweet. Cf. Stolen WATERS are sweet. He that would eat the FRUIT must climb the tree. Pâinea nu vine singurã la tine, ci trebuie s-o cauti. Out of the FRYING-PAN into the fire. A cãdea din cãldare (ceaun) în foc. The FRYING-PAN said to the kettle, “Avaunt, black brows!” Râde ciob de oalã spartã. Sim. The kiln calls the oven burnt-hearth / The pot calls the kettle black. Cf. Thou art a bitter BIRD, said the raven to the starling / The KETTLE calls the pot black-brows (burnt-arse).

  G 1. The GAME is not worth the candle. Nu face fata cât ata. Mai mare daraua decât ocaua. GAMING, women and wine, while they laugh, they make men pine. Trei lucruri nu lasã în pace pe om: vinul, femeia si banul. Sim. Dicing, drabbing and drinking bring men to destruction / Play, women, and wine undo men laughing. Cf. Three things drive a man out of his house – SMOKE, rain and a scolding wife. No GARDEN without its weeds. Buruieni se gãsesc si în cea mai bunã grãdinã. Sim. On fat land grow foulest weeds. Our last GARMENT is made without pockets. N-o sã iei lumea cu tine, ci tot o para legatã de deget. Sim. Shrouds have no pockets / To the grave a pall, and that’s all. Borrowed GARMENTS never fit well. Haina împrumutatã nu tine de cald. None says his GARNER is full. Nimeni nu se vaitã de gras. Narrow GATHERED, widely spent. Ce-a câstigat într-o varã, a bãut într-o searã. All his GEESE are swans. Gãina vecinului totdeauna-i curcã. Gãina vecinului e mai grasã. Bunã sã fie gãina mea, tot mai bunã pare a vecinului. Gãina vecinului are ouãle mai mari. Puica de la vecin ni se pare gâscã mare. Sim. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence / Our neighbour’s cow yields more milk than ours / Our neighbour’s ground yields better corn than ours. One GENERATION passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Un neam trece si altul vine, dar pãmântul rãmâne întotdeauna. * Ecclesiastes 1, 4 / Ecclesiastul 1, 4 GENTLE is that gentle does. Omul bun dupã fapte se cunoaste. Bunãtãtile fac pe oameni a fi de neam bun. After a great GETTER comes a great spender. Unul adunã, altul risipeste. Sim. The father buys, the son bigs, the grandchild sells, and his son begs. Cf. After a thrifty FATHER, a prodigal son. Every man has his (proper) GIFT. Fiecare are de la Dumnezeu darul lui. * I Corinthians 7, 7 / I Corinteni 7, 7 Never look a GIFT horse in the mouth. Calul de dar nu se cautã la dinti. Var. Look not a gift (given) horse in the mouth / No man ought to look a gift horse in the mouth. Who receives a GIFT sells his liberty. Unde e mitã, acolo si nedreptate. Var. Bound is he that gifts taketh. GIFTS blind the eyes. Darurile orbesc ochii. * Exodus 23, 8 / Iesirea 23, 8 There is not so bad a GILL, but there’s as bad a Will. Si-a gãsit hârbul capacul, tigva dopul si lelea bãrbatul. Cf. Every JACK mus have his Jill. A man cannot GIVE what he hasn’t got. Nimeni nu poate da ceea ce nu are. Nu poti da ceea ce nu ai. Sim. Where nothing is, nothing can be had / It is hard to get a stocking off a bare leg. Cf. Where nothing is the KING must lose his right / He that has NOTHING need fear to lose nothing. It is better to GIVE than to receive. Mai bine este a da decât a lua. Mai bine sã dai decât sã capeti. Var. Better give than take / It is more blessed to give than to receive. * Acts 20, 35 / Fapte 20, 35 He GIVES twice who gives quickly. Darul dat la vreme e dar îndoit. Lucrul la timp dãruit pretuieste îndoit. He that is long GIVING knows not how to give. Darul cel târziu nu are putere de dar. Sim. A gift much expected is paid, not given. To strain at a GNAT and swallow a camel. Strecurati tântarul si înghititi cãmila. Strecoarã tântarul, înghite armãsarul. * Matthew 23, 24 / Matei 23, 24 The GOAT must browse where she is tied. Capra roade unde o legi. All things are possible with GOD. La Dumnezeu si în Tara Româneascã, toate sunt cu putintã. Var. With God all things are possible. * Matthew 19, 26 / Matei 19, 26 * Mark 10, 27 / Marcu 10, 27 * Luke 18, 27 / Luca 18, 27 Beware of him whom GOD hath marked. Fereste-te de omul însemnat de Dumnezeu. De omul însemnat sã fugi. Var. Take care of that man whom God has set his mark upon. GOD defend me from my friends; from my enemies I can defend myself. Fereste-mã, Doamne, de prieteni, cã de dusmani mã feresc eu. Var. Save us from our friends. * Ecclesiasticus 6, 13 / Sirah, 6, 13 GOD gives the milk, but not the pail. Dumnezeu dã, dar nu aduce acasã. GOD helps those who help themselves. Ajutã-te si cerul te va ajuta. Dã din mâini si Dumnezeu îti va ajuta. Sim. Get thy spindle and thy distaff ready and God will send thee flax. GOD sends meat and the devil sends cooks. Dumnezeu face casa, dracu aduce musafirii. GOD stays long, but strikes at last. Dumnezeu nu bate cu ciomagul. Sim. God hath leaden feet, but iron hands. What GOD hath joined together, let not man put asunder. Ce a împreunat Dumnezeu, omul sã nu despartã. * Matthew 19, 6 / Matei 19, 6 * Mark 10, 6-9 / Marcu 10, 6-9 When GOD will punish, he will first take away the understanding. Când vrea Dumnezeu sã piardã pe om, mai întâi îi ia mintile. Pe cine vrea sã piardã, Dumnezeu mai întâi îi ia mintile. Var. Whom the Gods would destroy, they first make mad. Cf. Whom FORTUNE wishes to destroy, she first makes mad. Whom GOD loves, his bitch brings forth pigs. Când vrea Domnul vine si dracu cu colaci. Cf. Good THINGS come to some when they are asleep. Whom GOD will help, nothing does harm. Dumnezeu când îti ajutã si fierul se face plutã. Var. Whom God will help, none can hinder. You cannot serve GOD and Mammon. Nu puteti sã slujiti lui Dumnezeu si lui Mamona. Cf. No man can serve two MASTERS. GOD’s mill grinds slow but sure. Dumnezeu nu rãmâne la nimeni dator. Var. The mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small. The GODS send nuts to those who have no teeth. Dumnezeu trimite omului alune, când nu mai are dinti. Sim. They have most bread who have least teeth. He that GOES softly goes safely. Cine merge încet departe ajunge. Sim. Fair and softly goes far. Cf. Soft pace GOES far / SLOW but sure. Soft pace GOES far. Un pas dupã altul departe te duce. Sim. Fair and softly goes far. Cf. He that GOES softly goes safely / SLOW but sure. Tell me with whom thou GOEST, and I’ll tell thee what thou doest. Spune-mi cu cine te însotesti, ca sã-ti spun cine esti. Sim. A man is known by the company he keeps. All that glitters is not GOLD. Nu tot ce sclipeste (luceste) e aur. Nu tot ce sclipeste e aur si nu tot ce zboarã se mãnâncã. GOLD is tried in the fire. Aurul în foc se lãmureste. Var. Fire is the test of gold. Cf. FIRE is the test of gold; adversity of friendship. * I Peter 1, 7 / I Petru 1, 7 * Revelation 3, 18 / Apocalipsa 3, 18 Pour GOLD on him, and he’ll never thrive. Dacã n-ai noroc si parte degeaba te scoli de noapte. Pe tot ce pune mâna se usucã. Where GOLD speaks every tongue is silent. Când banul cuteazã, cuvântul înceteazã. Când bogatul vorbeste, lumea amuteste. Sim. You may speak with your gold and make other tongues dumb. GOOD and quickly seldom meet. Si iute si bine nu se poate. GOOD is good, but better carries it. Binele peste bine nu stricã. Nothing so GOOD but it might have been better. Tot rãul are si partea lui de bine. Var. Nothing so bad but it might have been worse. Ill-gotten GOODS never prosper. Averea cu înselãciune câstigatã, scade. Averea cu rea-credintã nu aduce folos. Var. Ill-gotten (Evil-gotten) gains seldom prosper. Sim. What is got over the devil’s back is spent under his belly. GOOSE and gander and gosling are three sounds but one thing. Ce mi-e Tanda, ce mi-e Manda. Ce mi-e baba Rada, ce mi-e Rada baba. Ce mi-e popa Stan, ce mi-e Stan popa. Ce mi-e prostul, ce mi-e nebunul. GOSLINGS lead the geese to water. Bobocii pe gâste vor sã le învete sã-noate. Bobocii voiesc a duce gâstele la pãscut. Sim. Teach your Grandmother to suck eggs. Every GRAIN has its bran. Fiecare grãunte are fãinã, dar are si tãrâtã. Cf. In much CORN is some cockle. The GRAPES are sour. Vulpea când n-ajunge la struguri zice cã sunt acri. Vulpea când n-ajunge la gãini zice cã sunt spânzurate. Sim. Fie upon hens! quoth the fox, because he could not reach them. GRASS grows not upon the highway. Pe cãrarea bãtutã nu creste iarbã. He that fears every GRASS must not walk in a meadow. Cine se teme de brumã nu pune vitã de vie. Sim. He that fears leaves, let him not go into the wood. There would be no GREAT ones if there were no little ones. Cei mici muncesc pentru cei mari si cei sãraci pentru cei bogati. Cât de bogat sã fii, fãrã un mic ajutor de la cel mai mic, nicicum poti trãi. It is hard for a GREEDY eye to have a leal heart. Lãcomia stricã omenia. He that lies upon the GROUND can fall no lower. Cine doarme pe pãmânt n-are fricã sã cadã când se întoarce. A constant GUEST is never welcome. Vizitele cele mai plãcute sunt cele mai rar fãcute. Cf. FISH and guests stink after three days. An unbidden GUEST knows not where to sit. Oaspetele nechemat n-are scaun. Nechematul la masã n-are loc. Nepoftitul n-are scaun. Cel nepoftit, locul lui dupã usã. Var. An unbidden guest must bring his stool with him. Sim. He who comes uncalled sits unserved.   H 1. A HAIR of the dog that bit you. Nu lãsa sã te muste câinele fãrã sã-i smulgi din pãr. No HAIR so small but has his shadow. Si firul de pãr îsi are umbra sa. Paiul cât de mic îsi are umbra sa. Fie tufa cât de micã, îsi are umbra ei. Red HAIR; devil’s hair. De om ros si de cal bãlan sã te feresti ca de satan. Sim. A red beard and a black head, catch him with a good trick and take him dead. Between the HAMMER and the anvil. A fi între ciocan si nicovalã. Rãu e a fi între ciocan si ilãu. Cf. Put not thy HAND between the bark and the tree. Between the HAND and the lip the morsel may slip. De la mânã pân-la gurã se pierde îmbucãtura. Cf. Many a SLIP between the cup and the lip. He that is fed at another’s HAND may stay long ere he be full. E rãu când astepti de la mâna altuia. Cine bea apã din pumni strãini nu se saturã niciodatã. Din pumni strãini nu te saturi când bei apã. Sim. He that waits upon another’s trencher, makes many a little dinner. Cf. Who depends upon another man’s TABLE often dines late. Many kiss the HAND they wish cut off. Sãrutã mâna pe care n-o poti tãia. Mâna care nu o poate musca o sãrutã. One HAND washes another and both the face. O mânã spalã pe alta si amândouã obrazul. Var. One hand washes the other. Put not thy HAND between the bark and the tree. Nu pune degetul între ciocan si nicovalã. Cf. Between the HAMMER and the anvil. Scatter with one HAND, gather with two. Dã cu o mânã ca sã ia cu douã. Dã cu o mânã si ia cu o mie. Cold HANDS, warm heart. Mâini reci, inimã fierbinte. Mânã rece, inimã caldã. Var. A cold hand and a warm heart. Many HANDS make light work. Multe mâini fac sarcina mai usoarã. He that is born to be HANGED shall never be drowned. Cine moare spânzurat nu moare înecat. Cf. No flying from FATE / The FATED will happen / What MUST be, must be. Call no man HAPPY till he dies. Mai înainte de sfârsit pe nimeni sã nu-l socotesti fericit. Cf. PRAISE no man till he is dead. * Ecclesiasticus 11, 28 / Sirah 11, 30 HARD with hard makes not the stone wall. Douã pietre tari nu pot mãcina bine. First catch your HARE, then cook him. Pune oala la foc si iepurele în pãdure. Var. First catch your hare. The HARE always returns to her form. Iepurele în culcusul sãu se-nveseleste. To hunt for a HARE with a tabor. Cu doba nu prinzi iepuri. Var. Drumming is not the way to catch a hare / To catch a hare with a tabor. Sim. To fright a bird is not the way to catch her. Where we least think, there goeth the HARE away. De unde nu gândesti, d-acolo sare iepurele. Sim. The hare starts when a man least expects it. HARES may pull dead lions by the beard. Când leul e mort, iepurii-i sar în spinare. Când e bolnav leul, iepurii îi sar în spinare. Pe leul mort si soarecii se catãrã. Lupul când îmbãtrâneste, atunci si soarecii încalecã pe el. If you run after two HARES, you will catch neither. Cine aleargã dupã doi iepuri nu prinde niciunul. Cine doi iepuri goneste, nici unul nu dobândeste. Sim. Dogs that put up many hares kill none. HASTE makes waste. Graba stricã treaba. Cf. The hasty BITCH brings forth blind whelps / Too HASTY burned his lips. The more HASTE, the less speed. Cine porneste cu graba se-ntâlneste cu zãbava. Cu prea multã grabã nu faci multã ispravã. Too HASTY burned his lips. Cine se pripeste, adesea se poticneste. Cf. The hasty BITCH brings forth blind whelps / HASTE makes waste. The greatest HATE springs from the greatest love. Iubirea peste mãsurã aduce în urmã urã. HATRED stirreth up strife. Ura aduce ceartã. * Proverbs 10, 12 / Pilde 10, 12 A bald HEAD is soon shaven. Chelul lesne se tunde. Pe chel usor îl tunzi. A forgetful HEAD makes a weary pair of heels. Cine n-are cap, sã aibã picioare. Unde nu-i cap, vai de picioare. Dacã nu e cap, vai de picioare. Sim. Little wit in the head makes much work for the feet / Who has not understanding, let him have legs. Better be the HEAD of a dog than the tail of a lion. Mai bine cap de pisicã decât coadã de leu. Sim. Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a lion / Better be the head of a lizard than the tail of a lion / Better be the head of a mouse than the tail of a lion / Better be the head of a pike than the tail of a sturgeon. He that has a HEAD of glass must not throw stones at another. Cine are cap de sticlã, sã nu arunce în nimeni. Sim. He that has a house of glass must not throw stones at another / People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. Cf. He that has a HEAD of wax must not walk in the sun. He that has a HEAD of wax must not walk in the sun. Nu merge la soare de fricã sã nu i se topeascã nasul. Sim. Be not a baker if your head be of butter / People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones / / Who has skirts of straw needs fear the fire. Cf. He that has a HEAD of glass must not throw stones at another. Mickle HEAD, little wit. Cap mare, minte putinã. The HEAD grey, and no brains yet. De ani mare si minte n-are. Sim. No fool to the old fool. When the HEAD aches all the body is the worse. Capul când te doare, tot trupul boleste. * I Corinthians 12, 26 / I Corinteni 12, 26 So many HEADS, so many minds. Câte capete, atâtea pãreri. Cf. So many MEN, so many opinions. HEALTH is better than wealth. Sãnãtatea e cea mai bunã avutie. E mai bunã sãnãtatea, decât toatã bogãtia. Sim. Health is great riches. * Ecclesiasticus 30, 15 / Sirah 30, 15 HEAR and see and say nothing. Ascultã cu urechile, vezi cu ochii, dar taci cu gura. Var. Hear all, see all, say nowt. Sim. Wide ears and a short tongue. Cf. HEAR much, speak little / He that would live in PEACE and rest, must hear, and see, and say the best. HEAR much, speak little. Cu vreme si fãrã vreme multe sã asculti, iar de grãit numai la vreme si putine sã trãiesti. Cf. HEAR and see and say nothing. Every HEART has its own ache. Tot obrazul îsi are necazul. Cf. Every man has his CROSS to bear. Faint HEART never won fair lady. Unde este fricã nu încape dragoste. Nothing is impossible to a willing HEART. Nu-ti este puterea cât îti este vrerea. Var. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. Sim. A good heart conquers ill fortune. Cf. Where there’s a WILL, there’s a way. What the HEART thinks, the tongue speaks. Ce-i în gusã, si-n cãpusã. Inima o am pe limbã. Ce are pe inimã are pe buze. Sim. He wears his heart upon his sleeve / His heart is in his mouth. Cf. Out of the ABUNDANCE of the heart the mouth speaketh. The HEART’s letter is read in the eye. Ochii sunt oglinda inimii. Sim. In the FOREHEAD and the eye, the lecture of the mind doth lie. Cf. The EYE lets in love. The HEART’s mirth does make the face fair. Inima când se-nveseleste, fata înfloreste. One’s own HEARTH is gowd’s worth. Mai bine în bordeiul meu decât în palatul tãu. E mai bine în coliba ta decât în palatul altuia. Sim. East, west, home’s best / Home is home, though it be never so homely. Cf. An ENGLISHMAN’s home is his castle / There is no PLACE like home. There is no going to HEAVEN in a sedan. Pân-s-ajungi la Dumnezeu, mii de sfinti în drumul tãu, toti cu mâna-ntinsã ceu. Var. To go to heaven in a featherbed. Where the HEDGE is lowest, men may soonest over. Peste gardul mititel sare si-un cãtel. Var. A low hedge is easily leaped over / Men leap over where the hedge is lowest. HELL and destruction are never full. Iadul si adâncul nu se pot sãtura. * Proverbs 27, 20 / Pilde 27, 20 HELL is paved with good intentions. Sufletul bucuros este sã intre în rai, numai pãcatele nu-l lasã. Var. The road to hell is paved with good intentions. A black HEN lays a white egg. Gãina neagrã face oul alb. He that comes of a HEN must scrape. Ce naste din gãinã râcâie la pãmânt. Cf. That that comes of a CAT will catch mice. He that leaves the HIGHWAY to cut short, commonly goes about. Sã nu lasi drumul mare pentru cãrare. De vei da ocol, vei ajunge mai curând, de vei merge de-a dreptul, vei zãbovi mai mult. Sim. Who leaves the old way for the new, will find himself deceived. The HIGHWAY is never about. Calea dreaptã este cea mai scurtã (bunã). It is hard to break a HOG of an ill custom. Porcul ori încotro face, lui tot noroiul îi place; din ce e nu-l poti preface. The worst HOG often gets the best pear. Adesea para cea mai bunã picã-n gura porcului. Mãrul cel frumos îl mãnâncã porcii. Sim. Into the mouth of a bad dog often falls a good bone. HOLD fast when you have. Tine ce ai în mânã si n-alerga dupã minciunã. Every day is HOLIDAY with sluggards. În casa lenesului întotdeauna e sãrbãtoare. Sim. He that does nothing always finds helpers. HONESTY may be dear bought, but can never be an ill pennyworth. Cinstea e mai scumpã decât toate. Omenia-i mai scumpã decât avutia. He that has no HONEY in his pot, let him have it in his mouth. Ori sã fii cu miere-n gurã, ori cu mâna-n buzunar. Sim. He that has not silver in his purse should have silk on his tongue. HONEY catches more flies than vinegar. Mai multe muste cad în miere decât în otet. Cf. You will catch more FLIES with a spoonful of honey than with a gallon of vinegar. HONEY is not for the ass’s mouth. Nu-i fânul pentru gâste. HONEY is sweet, but the bee stings. Albina face miere dulce, dar mai si împunge. It is not with saying HONEY, Honey, that sweetness will come into the mouth. Numai miere zicând, gura nu se îndulceste. Make yourself all HONEY and the flies will devour you. Cine se bagã în tãrâte îl mãnâncã porcii. Cf. He that makes himself a SHEEP shall be eaten by the wolf. Too much HONEY cloys the stomach. Cin-va mânca multã miere, el o sã verse si fiere. Când dai peste miere, nu mânca peste mãsurã. * Proverbs 25, 16 / Pilde 25, 16 HONOUR is the reward of virtue. Onoarea se tine de virtute ca umbra trupului de tine. Where there is no HONOUR, there is no grief. Cinstea cu rusinea nu pot sta împreunã. Great HONOURS are great burdens. Obrazul (Fata) subtire cu mare cheltuialã se tine. Sim. The more cost, the more honour. HOPE deferred maketh the heart sick. Asteptarea prea îndelungatã îmbolnãveste inima. * Proverbs 13, 12 / Pilde 13, 12 HOPE maketh not ashamed. Nãdejdea nu rusineazã. * Romans 5, 5 / Romani 5, 5 Too much HOPE deceives. Unde este nãdejde multã, acolo este si desertãciune. Sim. Hope often deludes the foolish man. Who lives by HOPE will die by hunger. Cel ce trãieste sperând e în risc de a muri de foame. Cine trãieste nãdãjduind moare jinduind. Sim. He that lives in hope hath a slender diet. A boisterous HORSE must have a rough bridle. La calul nãrãvit, pinten ascutit. A hired HORSE tired never. Fiecare pune bucuros seaua pe iapa vecinului. A HORSE, a wife, and a sword may be shewed, but not lent. Pusca, calul si femeia nu se împrumutã. Trei lucruri nu se împrumutã: calul, nevasta si pusca. A HORSE may stumble that has four legs. Calul cã e cu patru picioare si tot se poticneste. Sim. It is a good horse that never stumbles. A running HORSE needs no spur. La calul cel bun, numai o loviturã îi este de ajuns. Var. Do not spur a free horse / A good horse should be seldom spurred. Sim. The beast that goes always never wants blows. He that has a white HORSE and a fair wife never wants trouble. Calu bun si nevasta frumoasã îti pun capu. Vinul bun, nevasta frumoasã sunt douã veninuri dulci. Live, HORSE, and you’ll get grass. Sã trãiesti, murgule, sã pasti iarbã verde. Trãieste, murgule, cã o sã-ti dau iarbã verde. Asteaptã murgule sã pasti iarbã verde. Sim. While the grass grows, the horse starves. One thing thinks the HORSE, and another he that saddles him. Una gândeste cârciumarul si alta betivul. Var. The horse thinks one thing and he that rides him another. Sim. One thing thinketh the bear, and another he that leadeth him. Scabbed HORSE cannot abide the comb. Calul râios se scarpinã de copacul scorburos. The common HORSE is worst shod. Pe mãgarul mai multora, lupul îl mãnâncã. The HORSE that draws most is most whipped. Tot în boul ãl de trage dã. Who hath no HORSE may ride on a staff. Cine n-are cal, sã urce pe jos la deal. You can take a HORSE to the water, but you can’t make him drink. Pe porc nu-l faci sã bea apã din fedeles. You look for the HORSE you ride on. Sede pe mãgar si cautã mãgarul. Cf. The BUTCHER looked for his knife and it was in his mouth / You are like the man that sought his MARE, and he riding on her. Trust not a HORSE’s heel, nor a dog’s tooth. Femeia, pusca si calul n-are crezãmânt. He that reckons without his HOST must reckon twice. Face socoteala fãrã birtas. Socoteala de acasã nu se potriveste cu cea din târg. An HOUR in the morning is worth two in the evening. Un ceas dimineata plãteste cât trei dupã prânz. It chances in an HOUR, that happens not in seven years. N-aduce anul ce aduce ceasul. Ce aduce minutul, n-aduce ceasul. Când norocu-si schimbã pasul n-aduce anul ce aduce ceasul. The morning HOUR has gold in its mouth. Dimineata poartã aur în gurã. Ora diminetii e aurul vietii. Ziua bunã se cunoaste de dimineatã. Sim. The Muses love the morning. Burn not your HOUSE to fright the mouse away. Dã foc casei ca sã ardã soarecii. Ca sã ardã soarecii, nu da foc morii. Arde moara, dar si soarecii se prãpãdesc. In the HOUSE of a fiddler all fiddle. În casa lãutarului fiecare joacã. It is a sad HOUSE where the hen crows louder than the cock. Vai de casa unde cotcorogesc gãinile si cocosul tace. Vai de casa în care gãina cântã cocoseste. When the HOUSE is burned down, you bring water. Aduce apã dupã ce s-a stins focul. Cf. When a thing is done, ADVICE comes too late / It’s too late to shut the STABLE-DOOR after the horse has bolted / It is easy to be WISE after the event. Woeful is the HOUSEHOLD that wants a woman. Casa e casã, când ai o gospodinã în casã. Omul fãrã sotie e ca o casã pustie. HUNGER drives the wolf out of the woods. Foamea goneste pe lup din pãdure. HUNGER finds no fault with the cookery. Foamea e cel mai bun bucãtar. Sim. Hunger is the best sauce / Hunger makes hard beans sweet. All are not HUNTERS that blow the horn. Nu toate femeile cu cheile la brâu sunt gospodine. He that HURTS another hurts himself. Rãu faci, rãu gãsesti. Cf. He that MISCHIEF hatches, mischief catches. A HUSBAND must be deaf and the wife blind to have quietness. Bãrbatul surd si nevasta oarbã, cea mai tihnitã cãsãtorie. Când muierea-i mutã si bãrbatul surd, viata cea mai bunã între amândoi. Var. A deaf husband and a blind wife are always a happy couple. HUSBAND, don’t believe what you see, but what I tell you. Nu crede, bãrbate, ce vezi cu ochii, ci crede ce-ti spun eu. The HUSBAND is always the last to know. Nu stie bãrbatul ce stie satul. Var. The cuckold is the last that knows of it. The HUSBAND is the head of the wife. Bãrbatul este cap femeii.